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Tissues.

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Presentation on theme: "Tissues."— Presentation transcript:

1 Tissues

2 Overview of Tissue Science
Histology The study of tissues Four Basic Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural Overview of Tissue Science Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3 Overview of Tissue Science
collections of cells and extracellular material perform a specific but limited range of functions the four tissue types, in varying combinations, form all of the structures of the human body Overview of Tissue Science Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4 An Orientation to the Tissues of the Body
Overview Figure 4-1

5 Epithelial Tissue Epithelium Glands
An avascular layer of cells that forms a barrier that covers internal or external surfaces Glands Secretory structures derived from epithelia Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6 Epithelial Tissue Characteristics of Epithelia Cells closely packed
Apical cells exposed to external or internal surface Cells attached to basement membrane Lack blood vessels Cells continually replaced Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7 Epithelial Tissue Functions of Epithelia Physical protection
Permeability control Sensation trigger Specialized secretions Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8 Epithelial Tissue Two Classes of Glandular Secretion
Exocrine secretion Secretion onto a body surface Endocrine secretion Secretion (of hormones) into neighboring tissues and blood Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9 Epithelial Tissue Intercellular Connections Cell adhesion molecules
Cell junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10 Intercellular Connections Figure 4-2 Epithelial Tissue

11 Epithelial Tissue The Epithelial Surface Microvilli Cilia
Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Found in intestinal lining, kidney tubules Cilia Beat in coordinated fashion Move fluid along surface Found in airways, oviduct Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12 The Surfaces of Epithelial Cells
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-3

13 Epithelial Tissue The Basement Membrane
Noncellular meshwork anchors basal cells Underlies all epithelia Hemidesmosomes attach basal cells Resists passage of large molecules Strengthens against distortion Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Renewal and Repair
Exposure shortens cell life Epithelium needs constant repair and replacement Epithelial stem cells undergo mitosis Epithelium grows up from base Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15 Epithelial Tissue Classifying Epithelia Number of layers Cell shape
Simple (one cell thick) Stratified (multiple cells thick) Cell shape Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (cubic) Columnar (tall columns) Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16 Epithelial Tissue Table 4-1

17 Simple Squamous Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-4(a)

18 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-4(b)

19 Simple Columnar Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-4(c)

20 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-5(a)

21 Transitional Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-5(b)

22 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue Figure 4-5(c)

23 Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia Three secretion mechanisms
Merocrine Exocytosis of vesicles Apocrine Release of apical cytoplasm Holocrine Burst of entire contents Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion
Figure 4-6

25 Glandular Epithelium Gland Single cell or group of cells
Secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood Glandular Epithelium

26 Glandular Epithelium Endocrine Glands
Secretions enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream Secretions = HORMONES Regulate metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis Ex. Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands Glandular Epithelium

27 Glandular Epithelium Exocrine Glands
Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium Secretions include: Mucus Sweat Oil Earwax Saliva Digestive enzymes Ex. Sudoriferous (sweat)glands Produce sweat to help lower body temperature Ex. Salivary glands Secrete saliva contains mucus and digestive enzymes Glandular Epithelium

28 Glands containing a combination of exocrine and endocrine tissue:
Pancreas Ovaries Testes Glandular Epithelium

29 Classification of Exocrine Glands
Unicellular glands Single celled glands Secrete mucus directly onto the surface of a lining epithelium Multicellular glands Composed of many cells Form distinctive microscopic structures or macroscopic organs Ex: sudoriferous, sebaceous (oil), and salivary glands Classification of Exocrine Glands

30 Classification of Exocrine Glands
Multicellular glands (continued) Simple gland Duct of the gland does not branch Compound gland Duct of the gland does branch Tubular gland Glands with tubular secretory parts Acinar glands Glands with rounded secretory portions Tubuloacinar glands Glands with both tubular and more rounded secretory portions Classification of Exocrine Glands

31 Classification of Exocrine Glands
Simple Glands Simple Tubular Ex. Glands in the large intestine Simple Branched Tubular Ex. Gastric glands Simple Coiled Tubular Ex. Sweat glands Classification of Exocrine Glands

32 Classification of Exocrine Glands
Simple Glands (continued) Simple Acinar Ex. Glands of the penile urethra Simple Branched Acinar Ex. Sebaceous glands Classification of Exocrine Glands

33 Classification of Exocrine Glands
Compound Glands Compound Tubular Ex. Cowper’s glands Compound Acinar Ex. Mammary glands Compound Tubuloacinar Ex. Acinar glands of the pancreas Classification of Exocrine Glands

34 Intercellular Connections
Cell Junctions Contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells 3 functions: Forming seals between cells Anchoring cells to one another or to extracellular material Providing channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue Intercellular Connections

35 Intercellular Connections
tight junctions membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid Desmosomes anchoring junctions fasten cells together into strong sheets Gap junctions communicating junctions provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells Intercellular Connections

36 LE 6-31 Tight junctions prevent Tight junction fluid from moving
across a layer of cells Tight junction 0.5 µm Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome 1 µm Gap junctions Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Gap junction Extracellular matrix 0.1 µm

37 Gap Junctions

38 Tight Junctions

39 Desmosomes

40 Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Components Specialized cells
Extracellular matrix Space between cells Protein fibers Fluid phase (the ground substance) Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41 Connective Tissues Functions Structural framework
Fluid and solute transport Physical protection Tissue interconnection Fat storage Microorganism defense Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42 Connective Tissues Classifying Connective Tissues
Connective tissue proper Fluid connective tissues Supporting connective tissues -blast = immature cells -cyte = mature cells Usually highly vascular Except cartilage and tendons Have nerve supply Except cartilage Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43 Major Types of Connective Tissue
Connective Tissues Figure 4-7

44 Connective Tissue Matrix
Material between cells Fluid Semifluid Gelatinous Calcified Contains ground substance and protein fibers Ground Substance Supports cells binds cells together Provides medium for substance exchange Connective Tissue Matrix

45 Connective Tissue Matrix
Ground Substance (continued) Contains: Water Large molecules Polysaccharides Proteins Fibers 3 types Collagen Elastic Reticular Connective Tissue Matrix

46 Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers Reticular Fibers
Strong, resist pulling forces Promote flexibility and toughness 25% of total protein in body Elastic Fibers Smaller than collagen fibers Form a network within a tissue Promote resilience Consist of elastin and fibrillin Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue Reticular Fibers Consist of collagen in bundles coated with glycoprotein Support walls of blood vessels Supporting framework for soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes)

47 Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper
Contains varied cell populations and fiber types surrounded by a syrupy ground substance Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

48 Connective Tissues Types of Cells Present in Connective Tissue
Resident and migrating cells Fibroblasts Large, flat Most numerous connective tissue cells Migrate through connective tissue Secrete fibers and ground substances into the matrix Macrophages Develop from monocytes Capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris through phagocytosis Some are fixed (ie. Lungs and spleen) Some are wandering (roam and gather at sites of infection) Plasma Cells Small cells developed from b lymphocyte Secrete antibodies Found in large numbers in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

49 Types of Cells Present in Connective Tissue (continued)
Mast cells Abundant near blood vessels Produce histamine Dilates small blood vessels as a part of an inflammatory response (reaction to infection or injury) Adipocytes Aka fat cells or adipose cells Store triglycerides Below the skin and around organs White Blood cells Migrate into connective tissue under certain conditions Ex. Neutrophils – gather at sites of infection

50 Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper
Connective Tissues Figure 4-8

51 Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Three types
Loose connective tissue Example: beneath dermis of skin Adipose tissue Example: “love handles” Dense connective tissue Examples: dermis, tendons, ligaments Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

52 Loose Connective Tissue
Connective Tissues Figure 4-9(a)

53 Adipose Tissue Connective Tissues Figure 4-9(b)

54 Dense Connective Tissues
Figure 4-9(c)

55 Connective Tissues Fluid Connective Tissues
Cells + a liquid ground substance Blood RBCs, WBCs, platelets + plasma Lymph Lymphocytes + lymph fluid Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

56 Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Support the body
Bone (osseous tissue) Osteocytes + collagen + calcium salts Cartilage Chondrocytes + firm gel Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

57 Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Avascular
Covered by a fibrous perichondrium Matrix primarily composed of collagen and proteoglycans Cells called chondrocytes Found in lacunae (lacuna-singular) Maintain matrix Three types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

58 Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissues Figure 4-10(a)

59 Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissues Figure 4-10(b)

60 Fibrocartilage Connective Tissues Figure 4-10(c)

61 Connective Tissues Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Matrix provides unique properties Collagen fibers resist bending Calcium salts resist compression Diffusion through canaliculi nourishes osteocytes Covered by periosteum Connective Tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

62 Bone Connective Tissues Figure 4-11

63 Membranes Properties of Membranes Barrier or interface
Cover and protect An epithelium plus connective tissue Four types of membranes Membranes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

64 Membranes Types of Membranes Mucous Serous
Lines cavities that connect to exterior Mucous moistens surface Examples: oral cavity, airways Serous Line internal cavities Watery fluid moistens surface Example: peritoneal membrane Membranes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

65 Membranes Types of Membranes (continued) Cutaneous Synovial
Covers body surface Dry surface waterproofs the body Example: the skin Synovial Lines joints Secretes slippery synovial fluid Lubricates joints Examples: knee, elbow Membranes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

66 Membranes Membranes Figure 4-12

67 Muscle Tissue Properties of Muscle Tissue Capable of contraction
Actin filaments Myosin filaments Three types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

68 Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Contains elongated cells (fibers)
Fibers tied together by loose connective tissue Possesses microscopic striations Contains many nuclei Controlled by voluntary nervous system Moves and stabilizes the skeleton Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

69 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Figure 4-13(a)

70 Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Only in heart
Short, branched fibers Single nucleus Striated Involuntary contraction Blood circulation Blood pressure Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

71 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(b)

72 Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Short, tapering cells No striations
Involuntary contraction Blood vessels Urinary bladder Digestive organs Uterus Airways to lungs Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

73 Smooth Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(c)

74 Neural Tissue Properties of Neural Tissue Conduct electrical impulses
Transfer, process, and store information Comprises neurons and neuroglia Neural Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

75 Neural Tissue Neurons Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon (nerve fibers)
Information entry Cell body (soma) Information integration Axon (nerve fibers) Information transmission Synaptic terminals Information transfer Neural Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

76 Neural Tissue Neuroglia Several types of neuroglia
Provide physical support Maintain extracellular chemistry Supply nutrients Defend against infection Neural Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

77 Neural Tissue Neural Tissue Figure 4-14

78 Tissue Injuries and Repair
An injury harms multiple tissues simultaneously Tissues make coordinated response Responses restore homeostasis Two response types Inflammation Restoration Tissue Injuries and Repair Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

79 Tissue Injuries and Repair
Inflammation Isolation of injured area Cleanup of damaged tissue Four signs of inflammation Warmth Redness Swelling Pain Tissue Injuries and Repair Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

80 Tissue Injuries and Repair
Regeneration Repair/replacement of damaged tissue Restoration of tissue function Scar tissue from fibroblast activity Complete, partial, or no regeneration Tissue fibrosis common outcome Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue Tissue Injuries and Repair Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

81 Tissues and Aging Tissues Change with Age Healing slows
Epithelia become thinner Connective tissues become more fragile Bones weaken, become brittle Neuron and muscle fiber losses accumulate Lifestyle interventions slow decline Tissues and Aging Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

82 Tissues and Aging Aging and Cancer Incidence 25% develop cancer
Cancer risk rises with age After heart disease, cancer second leading cause of death Smoking linked to 40% of cancers 75% caused by environment Tissues and Aging Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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