1. Literary Theory: Postcolonialism
Examines global impact of European colonialism: Describes mechanisms of power, excluded “voices,” and theorizes about individual and national identity.
Imperialism involves claiming and exploiting lands beyond a country’s border for prestige, raw materials, and markets for its goods. Colonialism involves transforming those lands—their social structure, culture, government, and economy (From the Norton website).
Shows how the West constructs the third world as an “Other,” a binary that defines the West against the third world: stereotypes and power
Examines how Western institutions and even literature reinforce imperialist and colonial ideologies. (However, some Western texts also critique these ideologies.)
Looks at the third world literature to explore how colonial subjects view themselves and their societies: double consciousness, pre- and postcolonial culture

2. William Watson and the Hamidian Massacres
Ottoman Turkey and Abdul Hamid II (sultan)
Armenians as Christian minority living under Ottoman Turkish rule
Bulgarian Massacres in 1876 – approx. 15,000
Hamidian Massacres in : approx.200,000 Armenians (100, 000 massacred; 100,000 disease and famine)
1915 Genocide: million Armenians killed