1. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Diversity of Life

2. CHEMISTRY OF CELLS
11 elements make up all organisms CHNOPS: major elements in living organisms Organic compounds: contain C Inorganic compounds: no C Carbon: one of most important of elements - 4 valence electrons: can have 4 bonds (tetravalent) - most frequently bonds with: H,O,N and C - Variable structural combinations

3. Carbon Structural Formations
Chains Branches Rings Hydrocarbons: organic molecules of H and C

4. 4 Classes of Organic Compounds (biomolecules)
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

5. different structures  different properties/functions
Isomers
Compounds that have same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of groups around the carbon atoms
different structures  different properties/functions
Differ in covalent partners
Differ in arrangement
around double bond
cis- same side
trans- opposite side
Mirror images
Levo (left) L
Dextro (right) D
(Cis-trans)

6. Pharmacological Importance of Enantiomers

7. Functional Groups
Group attached to the C skeleton that determines the nature of a molecule - can replace one or more H on C skeleton - may participate in chemical reactions - affect molecular shape

8. hydrophilic
hydrophilic
hydrophobic

9. hydrophobic
potential to react
with H2O
Soluble in H2O
no H bonds
hydrophilic