1. What is Thermo, Stat Mech, etc.?
Statistical Mechanics
Mechanics
Classical
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Random
Coherent
Atomic
Molecular
Thermo/Kinetics
Quantum
Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you don't understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don't understand it, but by then you are so used to it, it doesn't bother you any more. -- Arnold Sommerfield
A theory is more impressive the greater is the simplicity of its premises, the more different are the things it relates, and the more extended its range of applicability. Therefore, the deep impression which classical thermodynamics made on me. It is the only physical theory of universal content which I am convinced will never be overthrown, within the framework of applicability of its basic concepts. -- Albert Einstein
Our approach will be to focus on the macroscopic, thermodynamic and kinetic picture with occasional insight from the microscopic picture via statistical mechanics.
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

2. Energy, Work and Heat ________ is the capacity to do work.
Its classification into: ________ ________ (by motion) (by position) e.g. thermal chemical, electrical Is purely for our convenience in visualizing the energy.
________ and ________ are not “types” of energy, but are processes involving transfer of energy. They appear and disappear at the system boundary. They are ________.
________ is the transfer of energy from one body to another of lower temperature.
Convention: if heat flows into the system, q __0.
________ is the transfer of energy by some mechanism other than temperature difference.
Convention: if work is done on the system, w __0.
Heat stimulates random motion.
Work stimulates organized motion.
Work “degrades” into heat.
qualitative observations by Count Rumford (Ben Thompson)
quantitative measurements by James Joule
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

3. Terminology 1
A ________ is a particular sample of matter or region of space.
An ________ does not interact with its ________.
system + surroundings = ________
A ________ ________ does not allow passage of mass over its boundaries, in contrast to…
An ________ ________.
An ________ ________ has boundaries which permit no flow of heat. It is insulated.
A system is in a definite ________ when all its properties have definite values.
A system at ______________ is time independent; it is not affected by the history of the system.
________ properties depend on the amount of substance in the system, e.g. n, V.
________ properties are independent of amount, e.g. P, T.
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

4. Modified by Jed Macosko
________ system
surroundings
matter
heat
________ system
surroundings
matter
heat
________ system
surroundings
matter
heat
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

5. Modified by Jed Macosko
Terminology 2
________ ________(________ ________) uniquely determine the state of a system at equilibrium. Two samples of a substance with the same state variables are in the same state.
The change in a state variable depends only on the initial and final states, independent of path.
________ functions depend on the ________ and therefore vary with ________.
A ________ process is one in which the initial and final states are the same, i.e. no change in the state variables.
In contrast, path functions generally have non-zero values for cyclic processes, dependent on the path.
A ________ process is one that can be reversed by an infinitesimal modification of a variable. The system is in equilibrium with the surroundings at all times. This is an idealized situation, useful as a theoretical limit, but…
All real processes are irreversible. It is possible to restore the system or the surroundings to their original states but not both.
An ________ of ________ is the functional relationship between the properties of a system, e.g, the ideal gas law.
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

6. Modified by Jed Macosko
Ideal Gases -- Review
Ideal gases obey the ideal gas law:
Pressure _______  1 N m-2  1 J m-3  1 kg m-1 s-2
Volume ________  103 dm3  103 litres
Temperature ________
no. of atoms in 12 g 12C
number of moles
gas constant
but if P is in atm (  105 Pa) and V in litres,
L = no. of atoms in 12 g carbon-12. P T V1 V2 V3 V P1 P2 P3 T1 T3
________
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019

7. Mixtures of Ideal Gases
If the ideal gas law applies to each component, i
________ pressure
________ Law of
________ Pressures
e.g. for two components: A 1 B _
pressure
________
Real gases are ideal only at the low density limit. Why?
Modified by Jed Macosko
2/25/2019