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Protein: Amino Acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Amino Acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids a.k.a dispensable amino acids
a.k.a indispensable amino acids Conditionally essential amino acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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An Essential Amino Acid
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Nonessential Amino Acids
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Proteins Peptide bond © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Proteins Dipeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Proteins Tripeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Proteins Polypeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Proteins Amino acid sequences © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein shape and function
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Proteins Protein denaturation © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Digestion Stomach HCl Pepsinogen pepsin Proenzyme
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Protein Digestion Small intestine Proteases Intestinal and pancreatic
Peptidases © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions
Enzyme/amino acid supplements © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Synthesis Delivering the instructions DNA mRNA
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Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Synthesis Sequencing errors © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Synthesis Nutrients and gene expression
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Roles of Proteins Building material Growth Maintenance
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Roles of Proteins Enzymes © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Roles of Proteins Hormones © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance Edema
Acid-base regulation Acidosis Alkalosis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Transport proteins © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Roles of Proteins Immunity Antibodies Antigens
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Roles of Proteins Source of energy Other roles
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Protein Metabolism Protein turnover Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance
Positive nitrogen balance Negative nitrogen balance © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins
Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds
Neurotransmitters Using amino acids for energy and glucose © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Metabolism Deamination Using amino acids to make fat
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Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility Animal vs. plant
Amino acid composition Limiting amino acid © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein Quality Reference protein Complementary proteins
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Protein Quality PDCAAS
Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Food Labels Quantity of protein Daily Value 50 g protein
10% of a 2000 kcal diet © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Acute PEM Chronic PEM © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Infections Dysentery Rehabilitation © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Health Effects Heart disease Cancer Adult bone loss osteoporosis
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Health Effects Weight control Kidney disease © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Recommended Intakes RDA 0.8 g/kg/day 10% - 35% of energy intake
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Recommended Intakes Adequate intake Protein in abundance
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Supplements Protein supplements Amino acid supplements
© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Health benefits © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Diet planning Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
Meat replacements Texturized vegetable protein © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals Lactovegetarians Vegans
© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Omega-3 fatty acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span
Pregnancy and lactation Infancy Childhood and adolescence © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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Vegetarian Diets Healthy food choices Macrobiotic diets
© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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