1. How Are Plants All Alike?
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2. General characteristics
All plants are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs (producers),nonmobile, and have a cell wall.

3. THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH

4. THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists
Autotrophs make their own organic matter (energy) through photosynthesis
Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the form of chemical bonds
(c) Euglena
(d) Cyanobacteria
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants

5. Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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Photosynthesis
Uses a green pigment (cholorphyll) to capture energy from the sun to convert it to a usable form of energy.
Takes place in the cholorplasts of a plant cell.
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7. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?

8. Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
All green plant parts have chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis
The leaves have the most chloroplasts
The green color comes from chlorophyll in the chloroplasts
The pigments absorb light energy

9. The location and structure of chloroplasts
LEAF CROSS SECTION
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum
Inner membrane
Grana
Stroma
Thylakoid compartment
Stroma
Thylakoid

10. THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED
Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy
Reflected
light
Light
Absorbed
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast

11. AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
Carbon dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

12. Food Chain

13. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids).

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Cellular Respiration
Both plants and animals use this!
Plants use this when there is no sunlight!
Happens in the mitochondria of a cell.
Cells release energy from food if oxygen is present.
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Cellular Respiration
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16. Cellular Respiration +Photosynthesis
Keep oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels normal!
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17. Transpiraiton
When water evaporates from tiny holes (stomata) in the leaf!

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Plant Reproduction
Alternation of generations life cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue
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19. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with plant embryo
Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte
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Plant Divisions
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Taxonomy
Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular System
Vascular Bundles
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22. Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes
Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials
Sporophyte stage-produce spores
Gametophyte stage-produce seeds.
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte Stage
Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes

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Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
No roots!
Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
Hornworts
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Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
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26. Xylem and Phloem also provide stability, support, and strength to the plant.

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Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes
Subdivided into two groups
Seedless vascular plants and
Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss
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28. Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
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Horsetails

29. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups:
Gymnosperm (Cone bearing plants)
Angiosperm (Flowering Plants)
Naked seeds in Cones
Non-flowering
Seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
Needle-like leaves
Reproductive structure=cones
Example: Pine trees
Flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators to produce seeds.
Seeds are enclosed in a protective layer or a fruit.
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Gymnosperms
Conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, and fir)
cycads
ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male and/or female parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)
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33. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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34. Parts of a Flowering plant

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36. Stems: Transport water and nutrients up throughout the plant
Flower: Specialized reproductive structures that are often colorful to attract pollinators.
Roots: Anchor plant in the ground and gather water and nutrients from the soil.

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38. Male reproductive structure-Stamen
Female Reproductive Structure-Pistil
The pistil has the STICKY stigma that is held up by the style.
Stamen holds up the anther
Anther produces pollen.
The ovary contains the eggs.
Once eggs are fertilized they become seeds and the ovary turns in to a fruit

39. Leaves: Contain chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
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40. Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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41. More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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43. Roots anchor seed plants to the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food in the form of starch.
The stems carry substances between the roots and the leaves, support the plant, and hold the leaves up to the sun.

44. Flower Structure