2. Mini Quiz
1. Behaviorists believe that all of the important causes of behavior can be found in an individual's
a. unconscious mind.
b. conscious mind.
c. personality traits.
d. environment.

3. Mini Quiz 2. Behaviorism has its philosophical roots in
a. associationism.
b. empiricism.
c. hedonism.
d. all of the above

4. Mini Quiz
3. It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of
a. pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher.
b. the law of effect.
c. repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random.
d. second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization.

5. Mini Quiz
4. When the presentation of a fingernails and a chalk board is frequently preceded by the an irritating sound, this will likely make one
a. salivate.
b. flinch at the sight of fingernails and a
chalk board.
c. show no response to fingernails and a chalk board.
d. start to enjoy irritating noises.

6. Mini Quiz 5. Test 2 was ____ than test 1. a. easier. b. harder.
c. about the same.

7. Types of Learning 1) Habituation 2) Classical Conditioning
3) Operant Conditioning

9. Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike

11. Gradually it escapes quicker
A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired with a pleasant outcome

12. Law of Effect
"Of several responses made to the same situation those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur.
Note: It is missing information about the internal state of the animal
Thorndike used hungry cats and rats!

13. Clark Hull

14. Needs Behavior is not just a function of the environment but also. . .
Properties of the organism

15. All animals have certain needs (food)
Creates drives (drive for food)
Reducing drive (by eating) reinforces the behavior (eating)

16. Learning
Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning was the same as Pavlov’s classical conditioning

17. Hot and Cold Game

18. Skinner

19. B. F. Skinner Noted differences between the types of learning.
How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s theories?

20. Operant Conditioning
Classical = animal does nothing to its environment.
Operant = The animal alters its environment.

21. Reinforcement Theory Operant Conditioning Behavior Reward
Used to control behavior
Behavior
Reward
Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be performed in the future

22. Reinforcement Theory
Operant Conditioning

23. Reinforcement Theory
Operant Conditioning

24. Skinner Box

25. Skinner Box

26. Skinner Box

27. Skinner Box
Sniffy Program

28. Operant Conditioning Superstitious behavior Shaping behavior
Baseball players
Shaping behavior
Getting him to open the car door
Skinner legend

29. Group Activity
Identify one behavior in yourself that you would like to change
Determine a system of rewards and punishments that you could use to change this behavior
Do you think this would work?

30. Did Skinner really raise his daughter in a Skinner Box?
Picture from Ladies' Home Journal: "Baby in a Box.”

31. Question Why are you going to college? What are you dating someone?
Why are you listening to this lecture?
You do all of these things because of a long history of rewards and punishments!

32. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
“Reactions” to the world
Emotions
Traits: anxiousness, neuroticism, depression
Operant
“Actions” toward the world
Behaviors
Traits: Extraversion, argumentativeness, kindness

33. Behaviorism Pros Cons Controlling behavior Focus on the observable
Mental life
Motivation
Thought
Cognition