1. Garlic as a Functional Food and Health Benefits
Lecture 4
Garlic as a Functional Food and Health Benefits

2. Functional Chemical Ingredients
S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) accounts for approximately 80% of cysteine sulfoxides in garlic
When raw garlic cloves are crushed, chopped, or chewed, an enzyme known as alliinase is released.
Garlic has its benefits due to release of this enzyme

3. Health Benefits – Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant activity
In endothelial cells (that line the inner wall of blood vessels), garlic- derived allicin lowered ROS production and increased the concentration of glutathione
Anti-inflammatory activity
Garlic-derived organosulfur compounds have been found to inhibit mediators of the inflammatory response

4. Health Benefits - Protection of the cardiovascular system
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of platelet aggregation (thrombus---clot)
Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation
Inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecules (Artherosclerosis+RA)
Hydrogen sulfide-mediated vasodilatory activity
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an important component of vessel wall remodelling in response to injury, for example, after angioplasty or vein grafting, and during atherosclerosis formation.
The VCAM-1 protein (CD106)mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

6. Health Benefits - Anticancer activity
Effects on carcinogen metabolism (Inhibition of metabolic activation of carcinogens)
Induction of cell cycle arrest (DNA Damage, Repair)
Induction of apoptosis (Programmed cell death) (50-70 billion cells/day)
Inhibition of angiogenesis (Cancer cells, new blood vesels)
Processed meats such as bacon, sausages, hot dogs, pepperoni, prosciutto, beef jerky and salami (any meat that has been preserved by curing, salting or smoking, or by adding chemical preservatives); Alcoholic beverages; Salted fish (Chinese style).
Cell cycle checkpoints help ensure the accuracy of DNA replication and division . These checkpoints allow progression through the cell-cycle or arrest in response to DNA damage to allow time for DNA repair.
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.[2] Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult.[a] For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 to 30 billion cells die a day.
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. This process is a normal part of growth and healing. It is also plays a role in several diseases, including cancer. Once a tumor grows to a certain size, it needs nutrients and oxygen from the blood to grow and spread.

7. Health Effects - Antimicrobial and Antifungal activity
Garlic extracts have been found to have antibacterial and antifungal properties
1% ajoene cream to the skin twice daily was as effective in treating tinea pedis (fungal skin infection known as athlete’s foot)
natural killer (NK) cells), isolated from healthy adults supplemented with aged garlic extract, proliferated better in ex vivo culture than those from volunteers who consumed a placebo, suggesting a greater pathogen-fighting ability.
number of self-reported illnesses was similar between groups after 90 days of aged garlic extract or placebo supplementation, but aged garlic extract significantly reduced the severity of self-reported cold or flu symptoms

8. Health effects - Disease Prevention
a. Cardiovascular disease
observations that people living near the Mediterranean basin had lower mortality from cardiovascular disease.
Garlic is a common ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine
effects of garlic supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors
Serum lipid profiles (HDL,LDL, Good Bad Cholesterol)
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body.
Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body.
Atherosclerosis can lead to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, or even death.

10. Health effects - Prevention of Cancers
Gastric cancer (Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastric cancer)
Colorectal cancer
Other Cancers
50 patients with cancer (42 with liver cancer, seven with pancreatic cancer, and one with colon cancer), supplementation with 500 mg/day of aged garlic extract for six months failed to prevent quality of life deterioration caused by disease progression and chemotherapy- associated adverse effects

11. Safety - Adverse Effects
breath and body odor
Gastrointestinal symptoms have also been reported, including heartburn, abdominal pain, belching, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation, and diarrhea
The most serious adverse effects associated with oral garlic supplementation are related to uncontrolled bleeding.
Garlic may also trigger allergic responses in some individuals, including asthma in people with occupational exposure to garlic powder or dust
Exposure of the skin to garlic has been reported to cause contact dermatitis in some individuals

12. Adverse effects : Pregnancy and lactation
No adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported in a study of Iranian women who took dehydrated garlic tablets (800 mg/day) for two months during the third trimester of pregnancy
Some evidence that garlic consumption alters the odor and possibly the flavor of breast milk

13. Assignments How are the following made? (2 MARKS) Garlic Powder
Garlic Extract
Garlic Oil
Garlic Macerate
Note: Write in steps. Give a diagram of the procedure. Give a photo of the product.
Assignment is due next week…any delay will not win you any mark

14. The Mediterranean basin stretches c
The Mediterranean basin stretches c.3,800 km east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and c.1,000 km north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya. Within the European Union, the Mediterranean Region encompasses seven Member States either partially (France, Portugal, Italy, Spain) or completely (Greece, Malta, Cyprus).