1. Hypothermia
Temperature in conjunction with wind chill and dampness or wetness can increase chances of hypothermia
Most activity allows for adequate heat production (increased metabolism) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning
Cold weather vs. nature of particular sport Impact on warm-up and “down time”

2. 65% of body heat is lost through radiation (head and neck 50%)
20% through evaporation
2/3 through skin and 1/3 through respiration
Drop in core stimulates shivering but stops after temp. drops below 85-90oF
Problems arise when heat lost exceeds heat production via metabolism
Results in impairment of neuromuscular function
Death is imminent when temp falls below 77-85oF.

3. Prevention
Waterproof and windproof fabrics that allow passage of heat and sweat and allow movement
Apparel geared for weather to provide semitropical microclimate for body and prevent chilling
Layers and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature (during period of (in)activity)
Inadequate clothing, improper warm-up and chill factor can lead to injury, frostbite, chilblains, and/or minor respiratory problems
Be aware of hydration levels as well to enhance blood volume and heat maintenance

4. Common Cold Injuries
Localized cooling can result in tissue damage
Formation of ice crystals between cells, destroys cells, disrupts blood flow, clotting may occur
Frost nip
Involves, ears, nose, chin, fingers, and toes
Occurs with high wind and/or severe cold
Skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister (24-72 hours)
Treat with firm pressure, blowing warm air or hands in armpits (if fingers involved)
Do not rub

5. Frostbite
Chilblains result from prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, tingling pain in toes and fingers
Appears pale, hard, cold and waxy
Due to poor peripheral circulation
Superficial Frostbite involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue
When re-warming the area will feel numb, then sting and burn
It may blister and be painful for several weeks
Deep Frostbite indicates frozen skin requiring hospitalization
Rapid re-warming is necessary ( oF)
Tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, painful and may become gangrenous