1. 2-3 Carbon Compounds

2. The Chemistry of Carbon
Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule)
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3. Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself Carboxylic Acid Ethane
Each line represents a pair of shared electrons
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4. More Carbon
Carbon can have single, double or triple bonds
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5. Macromolecules
Many molecules are made of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of other molecules
Large molecules
Macro = large
Micro = small
Formed by a process called Polymerization
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6. More Macromolecules Polymers = many monomers joined together
mono = one
poly = many
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8. 4 Macromolecules
Four organic compounds formed through this idea of polymerization
Carbohydrates (sugars – simple and complex)
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
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9. Carbohydrates Carbon + water = carbohydrate
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Chemical formula ratio C H2O
Main source of energy for living things
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10. Monosacharides Monomers = Monosaccharide ENERGY source
Glucose (blood sugar), fructose, galactose
Simple sugars – “sweet”
Upon digestion they don’t have to be broken down
Associated with “sugar highs”
sugar is available immediately
All have chemical formula C6H12O6
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11. Disaccharides Disaccharide = two mono’s put together
Table sugar = sucrose
Milk sugar = lactose
Relatively small
Sweet – would enter bloodstream quite quickly
Two monosaccharide molecules
put together
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12. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = “many” monosaccharide molecules bonded together
Large macromolecules
Can be 1000’s of glucose molecules long
Starch = polysaccharide
Glucose = monosaccharide
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13. Animal Polysaccharides
Glycogen (animal starch)
Polysaccharide in animals that stores excess sugar.
Stored in liver and muscles
Released and broken down when glucose (mono) is low.
Excess monosaccharides will be converted
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14. Polysaccharide in plants that forms cell walls
Plant Polysaccharide
Cellulose (fiber)
Polysaccharide in plants that forms cell walls
Very rigid giving plants structure
Can’t be digested by humans but great in our diet.
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15. Lipids Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen
Can be used to store energy
Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
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17. Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Used in cell membranes
Used to Store energy (9 calories per gram vs. 4 calories for carbs)
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18. Saturated Vs Unsaturated
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19. Saturated Fats
Solid at room temp
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20. Unsaturated
Liquid at room temp
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21. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P
Made of nucleotides which consist of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
2 kinds
RNA
DNA
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23. Nucleic Acid Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Sides of ladder = Sugar + Phosphate
Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
Nitrogen Base
Nucleotide =
monomers
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
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24. Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids store and transmit
hereditary or genetic info.
Order of nitrogen base pairs
Determines individual uniqueness
(eyes, hair, disease, etc.)
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25. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Double Helix Two sided, Helix – twisted
DNA Molecule
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Double Helix
Two sided, Helix – twisted
Found in our nucleus
Contain genetic information
coded in the sequence of
nitrogen bases
RNA molecule
Ribose Nucleic Acid
Contains sugar called ribose
One sided P G C
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26. Proteins Macromolecules containing H, C, and O.
Polymers of amino acids
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27. Examples
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28. Amino Acids Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.
20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make
various functioning proteins
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Amino acid amino acid amino acid
protein
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29. Amino Acids Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.
20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make various functioning proteins
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Amino acid amino acid amino acid
protein
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30. Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Go to Section:
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31. Proteins Roles Rate of reactions and regulate cell processes
Form bone and muscle
Transport substances in and out of cells
Fight disease
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32. Review Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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