1.
ENERGY & LIFE

2. Remember from BIO 1 AUTOTROPHS
Remember from BIO 1
AUTOTROPHS
_____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight.
Ex: Green plants, a few kinds of bacteria
HETEROTROPHS
______________ get energy by consuming other organisms
Ex: Animals, fungi, most bacteria

3. EVERYTHING is connected!
SUNLIGHT
_________ is the ultimate source of energy for everything on planet!

4. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Remember from BIO 1
WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Na + - K+ pump Proton pump Endocytosis
Exocytosis :

5. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Movement
Meiosis:
Cilia:

6. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Chemical reactions
Synthesis of biomolecules
Replication:
Transcription:
Translation:

7. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
GROWTH
and
REPAIR

8. ATP Remember from BIO 1 ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE
Remember from BIO 1
ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE
is used by cells to store and transport
ENERGY
ATP
Image by: Riedell

9. CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY3
____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP = __________________________

10. ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

11. ATP releases energy stored in a high energy
ATP releases energy stored
in a high energy
chemical bond by removing the phosphate and
becoming ADP
ATP → ___ + __ +
ADP

12. Cells ________ energy by adding the
phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP.
STORE
The energy to do this comes from
____________ like _____________
FOODS
GLUCOSE
It’s like recharging the battery !
ATP
ADP + ___ + ________ → ___

13. ATP is useful BUT . . .
ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________.
A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy.
Cells only keep enough ATP
around to last a few seconds and
recharge it by burning___________.
NOT
LARGE
LONG TERM
90 times
glucose

14.
Remember from BIO 1
CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
Image from:

15. Important MONOSACCHARIDES
glyceraldehyde
C5H10O5
C3H6O3
C6H12O6 2 1
ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O ratio 1

16. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Remember from BIO 1
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells burn GLUCOSE
for their energy needs
Images from:

17. CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules
ATP
DNA & RNA
POLYSACCHARIDES
ATP by Riedell

18. Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called ___________________
POLYSACCHARIDES
EXAMPLES:
Image from:

19. Remember from
BIO 1
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose

20. _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
GLYCOGEN is
the way
_________ cells store GLUCOSE
to use later.
ANIMAL
Image from:

21. store GLUCOSE for later.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
STARCH is
the way
_______ cells
store GLUCOSE for later.
PLANT
Images from:

22. REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2
REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2

23. REMEMBER BIO 1

24. Atoms/ions important for living things
____________
Carbon - C
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N
Sulfur - S
Phosphorus - P

25. ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex:
Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________
WATER
A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule
EX: ________
H2O
Image by: Riedell

26. ________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20
SYNTHESIS
Hydrogen molecule
oxygen molecule
2 water molecules

27. An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
______________ _______________
Molecules that react Molecules that are
produced →
reactants
products

28. Chemical reactions need help to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A
SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . .
Once you get it up there,
it can roll down by itself

29.
In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactions
happen.
PROTEINS
ENZYMES
SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE
Image from:

30. PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an
____________________________.
SUBSTRATES
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
__________are released
and enzyme is free to
help again

31. -ASE
Many enzyme NAMES end in _____
and the beginning of the name tells what it does
DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes”
joins monomers to make DNA
Protease=
breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP

32. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?

33. THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Carbon dioxide
WATER
Sugars
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
6 CO2
6 H2O →
C6H12O6
6 O2
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

34. chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy

35. Photosynthesis consumed
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
consumed
Product Y
Reaction 1 →
Product → X
Reaction 2 →
A series of reactions linked in this way is
referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway

36. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction oxygen Light & Water
ATP
NADPH
(CH2O)n
Carbon Dioxide
Light-Independent Reactions
Calvin Cycle

37. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O
SUGAR + 6O2

39. colors Visible light is made up of many different
_______________of light
Your eyes “see”
different sizes of
waves as different
___________
wavelengths
colors

40. Myth:
Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT
Image from:

41. BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
REFLECTED
COLOR
Image modified from:

42. absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected
This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in
this cover _______________ of the
wavelengths of light _________ blue.
_______ light is
____________ to your eyes and it
looks BLUE
absorbs ALL
except
BLUE
reflected

43. except red reflected The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the
colors __________________________
Red wavelengths are
_________________ to
your eyes and the
shirt looks RED
except red
reflected
GO CATS!

44. absorbs ALL ENERGY Objects “look BLACK” because black
dye ________________ of the
wavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is
the_____________ of the wave.
That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing
a white t-shirt.
absorbs ALL
ENERGY

45. The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.
_______ energy is ABSORBED
so wearing white
clothing is “cooler”.
REFLECTS ALL
LITTLE

46. Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING?
Purple & yellow
yellow
Images by: VanderWal

47. Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect? green
So green leaves ____________ the
green wavelength
of light.
REFLECT
Image by: VanderWal

48. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
By: VanderWal

49. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL
The main energy
absorbing molecule
in green plants is
___________________
_________________
are plant pigments too.
(These look yellow, orange, and red)
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS

50. GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________
but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______
the other colors and
leaves usually
look green
ALL THE TIME
hides

51. In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL

52. carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
Then we can see the
carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
HIDDEN

53. There are two types of chlorophyll
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
absorbs the
_____ & ________
wavelengths best.
It absorbs very
little ______ light.
violet
red
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
Blue

54. There are two types of chlorophyll
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
absorbs some
______light and
even more
_________ light.
red
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Blue-violet
red

55. NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
GREEN
red

56. That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb….
it ___________ GREEN light!
REFLECTS

57. That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids)
That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.
ABSORB
DOESN’T
USE MORE

58. SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS
THE BEST
________ and
_______________
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
Blue-violet

59. Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS

60. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS

61. REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3
REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3

62. Remember from CELL BIO CHLOROPLASTS
Enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS are in the ________________
CHLOROPLASTS

63. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast
GRANUM (pl. grana)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

64. SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA cytoplasm
Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space
Inside the
thylakoid
sac
cytoplasm
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

65. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called _____________________
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
PHOTOSYSTEMS

66. LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
ATP
NADP+
Images by Riedell

67. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
____________ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
NADP+
________ + _____ + _____ → ____________
2 e- H+
_______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

68. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water
ATP
NADPH
Light-Independent
Reactions

69. REMEMBER CELL BIO Molecules move automatically from
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Molecules move
automatically from
“where there’s A LOT”
to “where there’s NOT”
Animatioin from:

70.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

71. REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
…as long as membrane will let molecule through

72. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen

73. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
(CH2O)n
Carbon Dioxide
Light-Independent Reactions
CALVIN CYCLE

74. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

75. CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________
to make __________
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
ENERGY
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE

76. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
slow or stop
Desert plants and conifers
that live in dry conditions
have a waxy coating on
their leaves to prevent
water loss.

77. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
TEMPERATURE
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry out
photosynthesis only occasionally

78. Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins
to unwind or _________ pH
temperature
DENATURE

79. Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.
Image from:

80. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
See effect of light experiment

81. THE BIG PICTURE sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
OXYGEN
sugars
Carbon dioxide
Sugars
WATER
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

82. Concept Map Photosynthesis Section 8-3 includes takes place in uses
take place in
to produce of
to produce

83. Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars