1. 15 Economy and Politics ZUMA Press, Inc/Alamy
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2. Chapter Outline Economy and Society The Changing Global Economy
Social Organization of the Workplace
Diverse Groups/Diverse Work Experiences
Sociological Theories of Economy and Work
Power, Politics, and Government
Power, Authority, and Bureaucracy
Theories of Power
Government: Power and Politics in a Diverse Society
The Military as a Social Institution
Don Tremain/Alamy
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3. Economy and Society (slide 1 of 2)
Economy: the system by which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
Postindustrial societies are organized around the provision of information and services.
The U.S. has moved from a manufacturing- based economy to an economy centered on services.
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4. Economy and Society (slide 2 of 2)
Capitalism is an economic system based on the principles of:
market competition
private property
the pursuit of profit
Socialism is an economic institution characterized by:
State ownership and management of the basic industries
The means of production are the property of the state, not of individuals
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5. The Changing Global Economy (slide 1 of 6)
Global economy: all dimensions of the economy now cross national borders, including:
Investment
Production
Management
The economy in one nation now affects the world.
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6. The Changing Global Economy (Slide 2 of 6)
Multinational corporations:
Receive large share of their revenues from foreign investments
They conduct business across national borders
Are increasingly powerful with influence around the globe
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7. The Changing Global Economy (slide 3 of 6)
Today’s workforce is both older, includes more women, and is more racially and ethnically diverse than ever before.
As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, diversity in the labor market will continue.
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8. The Changing Global Economy (slide 4 of 6)
Deindustrialization: the transition from a goods-producing economy to a service- based economy.
The human cost of deindustrialization can be severe.
Deindustrialization has caused job displacement:
The permanent loss of certain job types when employment patterns shift.
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9. The Changing Global Economy (slide 5 of 6)
Automation:
Human labor is replaced by machines
Eliminates many repetitive and tiresome tasks
May make workers subservient to machines
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10. The Changing Global Economy (slide 6 of 6)
Today, the U.S. labor force has an increased amount of immigrant labor.
Immigration has changed the composition of the work force.
It has also stimulated intense political debate.
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11. Social Organization of the Workplace (slide 1 of 3)
Work: productive human activity that creates goods or services.
Emotional labor is work specifically intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client and often involves putting on a false front before clients.
The division of labor is the systematic interrelatedness of different tasks that develop in complex societies. 17
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12. Social Organization of the Workplace (slide 2 of 3)
The class division of labor:
Can be observed by looking at the work done by people with different educational backgrounds
Education is a fairly reliable indicator of class.
The gender division of labor refers to the different work that women and men do in society.
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13. Social Organization of the Workplace (slide 3 of 3)
The glass ceiling is the term used to describe the limits to advancement that women, as well as racial–ethnic people and minorities, experience at work.
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14. Diverse Groups/ Diverse Work Experiences (slide 1 of 3)
Unemployment rate, defined as the percentage of those not working but officially defined as looking for work.
As of 2013, the unemployment rate was 7.6— that is, 7.6 percent of the labor force.
The official rate excludes many.
Underemployment - the condition of being employed at a skill level below what would be expected given a person’s training, experience, or education.
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15. Diverse Groups/ Diverse Work Experiences (slide 2 of 3)
Sexual harassment is legally defined as unwanted physical or verbal sexual behavior that occurs in the context of a relationship of unequal power and that is experienced as a threat to the victim’s job or educational activities.
Two forms:
Quid pro quo (“this for that”) - forces sexual compliance in exchange for an employment or educational benefit.
Hostile working environment - unwanted sexual behaviors are a continuing condition of work.
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16. Diverse Groups/ Diverse Work Experiences (slide 3 of 3)
Although there is increasing acceptance of lesbians and gays generally, persistent homophobia can affect:
self-esteem
productivity
general wellbeing of gay and lesbian workers
The Americans with Disabilities Act protects people with disabilities from discrimination in employment and stipulates that employers and other providers must provide “reasonable accommodation.”
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17. Power, Politics, and Government (Slide 1 of 3)
The State:
refers to the organized system of power and authority in society.
is an abstract concept.
includes the government, the legal system, the police, and the military.
Theoretically, the state exists to regulate social order.
This ranges from individual behavior and interpersonal conflicts to international affairs.
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18. Power, Politics, and Government (slide 2 of 3)
The state’s role includes:
Determining the rights and privileges of various groups.
Deciding which actions are legitimate and which are not.
Influencing public opinion through the media.
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19. Power, Authority, and Bureaucracy (slide 1 of 3)
Power is the ability of one person or group to exercise influence and control over others.
Power can be legitimate—accepted by the members of society as right and just—or it can be illegitimate.
Authority is power perceived by others as legitimate and formal.
Authority emerges not from the exercise of power, but from the belief of constituents that the power is legitimate.
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20. Power, Authority, and Bureaucracy (slide 2 of 3)
Traditional authority stems from long-established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society.
Charismatic authority is derived from the personal appeal of a leader.
Rational–legal authority stems from rules and regulations, typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct.
This is the most common form of authority in the United States.
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21. Power, Authority, and Bureaucracy (slide 3 of 3)
A bureaucracy is a formal organization with
an authority hierarchy
a clear division of labor
explicit rules
an impersonal and formal atmosphere
Bureaucratic power comes from the accepted legitimacy of the rules, not personal ties to individuals.
The rules may change, but they do so through formal, bureaucratic procedures.
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22. Government: Power and Politics (slide 1 of 6)
The government is one of several institutions that make up the state.
Its institutions represent the population, making rules that govern the society.
U.S. government is a democracy based on representing all people through the right to vote.
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23. Government: Power and Politics (slide 2 of 6)
Among democratic nations, the U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnouts
In the 2012 presidential election, the percentage of eligible voters who went to the polls was only 57 percent of the population, less than the all-time high of 62 percent in the 2008.
Older, better educated, and financially better-off people are the most likely to vote.
Women & racial–ethnic minorities are vastly underrepresented in our government.
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24. Government: Power and Politics (slide 3 of 6)
Figure 15.5 The Changing Electorate?
Demographic Composition of Voters by
Race and Ethnicity, 1988 to 2012
Source: Lopez, Mark “Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in History.” Pew Research Center. Edison Research.
Note: In 2012, 2 percent of votes identified as “other;” thus, numbers do not add up to 100 percent. Whites include only non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks include only non-Hispanic Blacks. Asians include only non-Hispanic Asians. Native Americans and mixed-race groups are not shown. Asian share not available prior to 1992.
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25. Government: Power and Politics (slide 4 of 6)
The number of women and minorities in government has increased, though they are still underrepresented at the federal and state levels.
Women & minority candidates receive large political support from local groups, but not at the national level.
The power of white, male incumbents, is a disadvantage to any new candidate.
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26. Government: Power and Politics (slide 5 of 6)
The military is a powerful/influential institution in almost all societies.
The military is the single largest employer in the United States.
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27. Government: Power and Politics (slide 6 of 6)
Privatization of the military—more military functions are paid to private employers.
With privatization, the military is more of a business.
Corporations reap profits on activities that once were not for profit.
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28. Chapter Summary (slide 1 of 2)
How are societies economically organized?
How has the global economy changed?
What is the social organization of work?
How is diversity reflected in the workplace?
What is the state?
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29. Chapter Summary (slide 2 of 2)
How do sociologists define power and authority?
What theories explain how power operates in the state?
How well does the government represent the diversity of the U.S. population?
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30. Question 1
_____ is a type of society that is organized around the provision of information and services.
Hunting and gathering society
Agricultural society
Postindustrial society
Industrial society
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31. Answer 1 C. Postindustrial society
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32. Question 2 Which type of authority stems from rules and regulations?
Rational-legal
Traditional
Charismatic
Powerful
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33. Answer 2 A. Rational-legal
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34. Question 3
The term for any constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda, such as National Organization for Women (NOW) and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is _____.
bureaucracy
political action committee (PAC)
interest group
corporation
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35. Answer 3 B. political action committee (PAC)
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