1. Bureaucracy

2. Organization of Federal Bureaucracy

3. Bureaucracy

4. Bureaucracy

5. Expertise of bureaucrats:
The people who administer policy often know much more about those issues than the president or members of Congress. This expertise gives the bureaucrats power.
Expertise of bureaucrats:

6. Types of Federal Agencies
Executive Departments
Cabinet appointed by the president
Confirmed by Senate with its advice & consent
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Small commissions w/greater independence
Fix terms – can only be fired “for cause”
Government Corporations
Government companies that serve Public for fee
Suppose to be self supporting (example?)
Finance, energy, insurance
Independent Agencies
Not part of Executive Department w/sub-cabinet rank*
NASA, EPA, *(Exception: CIA)
All heads serve at Pleasure of President
Types of Federal Agencies

7. Federal Budget

8. Federal Budget

9. Federal Budget

12. Staffing the Bureaucracy
Natural Aristocracy
Thomas Jefferson fired Federalist employees and placed his own men in government positions
Spoils System
Andrew Jackson used government positions to reward supporters
Bureaucracy became corrupt, bloated, and inefficient
Staffing the Bureaucracy

13. Civil Service Reform Pendleton Act of 1883 Hatch Act of 1939
Employment on the basis of merit and open, competitive exams
Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
Hatch Act of 1939
Civil service employees cannot take an active party in the political management of campaigns
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinios (1990)
Court ruled that partisan political considerations as the basis for hiring, promoting, or transferring public employees was illegal
Civil Service Reform

15. Iron Triangles Reinforcing relationship between:
Interest Groups
Congressional Subcommittees
Bureaucratic agencies
Policy decisions are made jointly by these three groups who feed off each other to develop and maintain long-term, regularized relationships
Iron Triangles

16. Rule Making
The federal bureaucracy makes rules that affect how programs operate
These rules must be obeyed, just as if they were laws.

17. The rule-making process for government agencies occurs in stages.
After Congress passes new regulatory laws, the agency charged with implementing the law proposes a series of rules.
Rule-making

18. Policy implementation:
When Congress creates a new program, it does not establish all the details on how the policy will be implemented. Instead, Congress passes enabling legislation, which grants power to an agency to work out the specifics.
Policy implementation:

19. Since the Carter Administration in the late 1970s, the federal government has frequently sought to remove regulations established by earlier administrations, a practice called deregulation. The federal bureaucracy usually carries out deregulation, often with encouragement from the president. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, for example, the government deregulated the airline industry, significantly increasing competition and lowering prices..
Deregulation