1. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, FLOW & ENJOYMENT
Damon Burton
University of Idaho

2. RANK THESE 3 TERMS ON BREADTH
___ Intrinsic Motivation
___ Flow
___ Enjoyment
Which of these is the umbrella term that the other 2 fall underneath?
Which of these is the narrowest, most specific term?

3. INTERNAL MOTIVATION Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Flow

4. CONTEXT FOR SPORT ENJOYMENT
Enjoyment is one of 5 components of Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model
Sport Commitment is a “psychological construct representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation.”

5. ORIGIN OF SPORT COMMITMENT MODEL
Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model was based on Rusbult’s (1983) model for predicting commitment to romantic relationships.
Rusbult’s model has been successfully adapted to predict commitment to work. 5

6. SPORT COMMITMENT MODEL
Sport Enjoyment
Involvement Alternatives
Personal Investments
Involvement Opportunities
Social Constraints

7. SPORT ENJOYMENT DEFINED
Enjoyment is “a positive affective response to the sport experience that reflects generalized feelings of pleasure, liking and fun.”
Greater enjoyment should promote enhanced commitment and motivation.

8. INVOLVEMENT ALTERNATIVES DEFINED
Involvement Alternatives represent “the attractiveness of the most preferred alternative(s) to continued participation in the current activity.”
The more attractive the alternatives, the lower the commitment.

9. PERSONAL INVESTMENTS DEFINED
Personal Investments are “resources that are put into the activity which cannot be recovered if participation is discontinued.”
It includes expenditures of time, effort and money.
Increasing investments should enhance commitment

10. INVOLVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES DEFINED
Involvement Opportunities are “valued opportunities that are present only through continued involved in a sport activity.”
Included would be sport mastery, spending time with friends, or chance to obtain extrinsic rewards.
Greater involvement opportunities should promote increased commitment.

11. SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS DEFINED
Social Constraints are “social expectations or norms which create feelings of obligation to remain in the activity.”
For example, playing to please parents would be a social constraint.
Feelings of obligation should lower self-determination, so commitment should be highest when social constraints are low.

12. ENJOYMENT DIMENSIONS
Enjoyment can be derived from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources.
Enjoyment can be a product of both achievement (e.g., goal attainment) and nonachievement (i.e., social affiliation) outcomes.
Enjoyment is a great motivator.

13. ENJOYMENT MOTIVATIONAL CONSEQUENCES
Extensive participation motivation research has shown that kids participate to experience fun and enjoyment.
Scanlan & Lewthwaite (1986) found a .70 correlation between wrestlers’ seasonal enjoyment & desire for future participation.
Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza (1989) revealed that skaters enjoyment enhanced their desire to continue skating, to expend high effort and their perceptions of effort expenditure.

14. DR. C’S ENJOYMENT SOURCES
competition/measuring self against others,
development of personal skills
friendships/companionship,
activity itself,
enjoyment of experience/use of skills,
measuring self against own ideals,
prestige/rewards/glamour, and
emotional release.

15. SPORT ENJOYMENT MODEL

16. INDUCTIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS PROCESS

17. SKATER ENJOYMENT RESULTS

18. The End