1. 1.2
Acids & Bases

2. A. pH Scale
pH is a measurement of how many hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) are in a solution
most solutions have a pH ranging from 0 to 14
acids form solutions with a pH below 7 and turn litmus red
bases form solutions with a pH above 7 and turn litmus blue
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3. a pH of 0 to 0.5 is a strong acid
neutral solutions have a pH of exactly 7 and do nothing to litmus paper
a pH of 0 to 0.5 is a strong acid
eg) battery acid (H2SO4(aq))
a pH of 14 is a strong base
eg) drain cleaner (KOH(aq))
a pH of 7 is neutral
eg) distilled (pure) water
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4. Acids Bases Neutral pH Scale lemon juice drain cleaner stomach acid
milk
distilled
water
toothpaste 1 2 6 7 10 14
strong acid
strong base
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5. B. Measuring pH exact pH can be measured with a pH meter
can also use acid-base indicators which are substances that change colour when they are placed in solutions
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6. C. Neutralization
when an acid neutralizes a base (or vice versa) this is called an acid-base neutralization reaction 
Acid + Base
Salt (ionic compound) +
Water
eg) 
HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq)
MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
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7. the products of a neutralization reaction have a pH of 7
antacids like Tums or Rolaids can be used to neutralize excess stomach acid
bases can be used to neutralize acid spills and vice versa
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8. D. Acid Rain
rain water is naturally acidic (pH of about 5.6) because of CO2 dissolving in it to produce carbonic acid
industries release chemicals into the atmosphere which add to the acidity of our precipitation
eg) CO2(g), NOx(g) and SOx(g)
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9. this can cause the pH of precipitation to drop to as low as 3.0!!!
acid rain (precipitation) can kill aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ruin manmade structures
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10. acid lakes can be treated with calcium hydroxide (a base)… acid-base neutralization
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