1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 3: Migration
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Warm Up
With a teammate, LIST the reasons people would migrate from one place to another.

3. Push/Pull Factors Push Factors Pull Factors Not enough jobs
Job opportunities
Few opportunities
Better living conditions
Primitive conditions
Political and/or religious freedom
Desertification
Enjoyment
Famine or drought
Education
Political fear or persecution
Better medical care
Slavery or forced labor
Attractive climates
Poor medical care
Security
Loss of wealth
Family links
Natural disasters
Industry
Death threats
Better chances of marrying
Lack of political or religious freedom
Pollution
Poor housing
Landlord/tenant issues
Bullying
Discrimination
Poor chances of marrying
Condemned Housing (Radon Gas etc.)
War/Civil War

4. Migration
Mobility is the generalized term that refers to all types of movements
Journeying each day to work or school
Weekly visits to local shops
Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state
Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation.
Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring
Migration is a permanent move to a new location
Migration = relocation diffusion

5. Why Do People Migrate? Immigration Emigration Reasons for migration
Most people migrate for economic reasons
Push and pull factors
Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones
Cultural factors
Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees)
Political factors
Environmental factors

6. Refugees: Sources and Destinations
Figure 3-2

7. Reasons for Migrating
Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country.
United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants.
A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution.
An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border.
An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee.
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8. FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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9. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors
Intervening obstacles
Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental
Today, often political boundaries and laws
Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles
Intervening opportunities
Along the way people do not make it to their planned destination as they often find other “opportunities” –
Jobs
Love?

10. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration Internal migration
Two types:
Interregional migration = movement from one region to another
Examples?
Intraregional migration = movement within a region

11. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration International migration
Two types:
Voluntary
Forced
Migration transition
International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

12. Global Migration Patterns
Figure 3-5

13. FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue.
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14. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants
Most long-distance migrants are
Male
Adults
Individuals
Families with children = less common

15. Distance of Migration
Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move
Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country.
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory.
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16. Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration
The majority of migrants go only a short distance.
Migration proceeds step by step. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force is spent.
Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce or industry.
Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
Females are more migratory than males within the kingdom of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond.
Most migrants are adults: families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.
Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.
Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves.
The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centers of industry and commerce.
The major causes of migration are economic.

17. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender
Traditionally, males outnumbered females
In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female
Family status
In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

18. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Key Issue #2

19. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Global migration patterns
Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania
The United States has the largest foreign-born population
As of 2006, the United States accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries in the world combined

20. Net Migration by Country
Figure 3-7

21. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S. migration patterns
Three main eras of migration
s Colonial migration from England (2 mil) and Africa (400K)
Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe
1840s and 1850s: Primarily from Ireland and Germany
1880s and 1890s: Primarily NORTHERN AND WESTERN Europe, including Norway and Sweden, as well as Germany and Ireland
s: Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy and Russia
Recent immigration from LDCs (1960s-today)
Latin America (13-25 million)
Asia (7-10 million)
Why?

22. Migration to the United States
Northern and Western Europe
Figure 3-8

24. Legal Migration to the United States from Latin America
2008 statistics
(low end)
Figure 3-9

25. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Legacy of European migration
Europe’s demographic transition
Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out…WHY?
65 million Europeans emigrate
Diffusion of European culture – eventually assimilated (melting pot)

26. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Unauthorized immigration
2008 = estimated at least 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented/illegal immigrants in the U.S. (Pew Research)
2007 Immigration Policy Center lists 18.1 million
About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force
Around 59 percent are undocumented/illegal immigrants from Mexico
2000 mile long border
BORDER

27. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Destinations
California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented/illegal immigrants
New York = one-sixth of all immigrants
Chain migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously moved there.

28. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Key Issue #3

29. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws – limit amount from each country each year
The Quota Act (1921) and The National Origins Act (1924) – For each country that had native-born persons already living in the U.S., 2% of their number could immigrate each year.
Where would most immigrants therefore come from???
Ethnic Quotas for individual countries removed in 1965
Temporary migration for work
Guest workers
Time-contract workers

30. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees
Emigrants from Cuba
Emigrants from Haiti
Emigrants from Vietnam

31. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Key Issue #4

32. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration between regions of a country
U.S. settlement patterns
Colonial settlement
Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s)
California
Gold Rush in the 1840s
Great Plains settlement
Recent growth of the South

33. Changing Center of the U.S. Population
Figure 3-16

34. FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U. S
FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.
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35. U.S. Interregional Migration
Figure 3-17

36. Migration in Europe
Figure 3-20

37. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Intraregional migration in the United States
Migration from rural to urban areas
Primary reason = economic migration
Migration from urban to suburban areas
Primary reason = suburban lifestyle
Migration from urban to rural areas
Counterurbanization

38. Intraregional Migration
Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in nineteenth century, a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas
Percentage of urbanized population in U.S.
1800: 5 percent
1920: 50 percent
2010: 80 percent
Motivated by economic advancement
Rural push factors include declining opportunities in agriculture.
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39. Intraregional Migration
Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs.
Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle
Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses
Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee
Often superior suburban schools
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40. Intraregional Migration in the United States
Figure 3-21

41. Up next: Folk and Popular Culture
The End.
Up next: Folk and Popular Culture