1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

3. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

4. Age of Discovery 1450-1648 Commercial Revolution
Economic Expansion & innovation
Population growth
Cities expanded
Trade increased
Commercial Revolution
Capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership
Mercantilism
European gov’t increase gold & silver through ownership of coloies

5. New Maritime Technologies
Mercator Projection
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

6. New Weapons Technology

7. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

8. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

9. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

10. Christofo Colon [ ]

11. Columbus’ Four Voyages

12. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

13. Other Voyages of Exploration

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

17. The Death of Montezuma II

18. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

19. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

20. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

21. Encomienda System
Little gold in Brazil Portuguese organized sugar plantations
Required large work force
Encomienda system gave the Spanish the right to force natives to work in their mines or fields
Responsible for workers’ well-being & conversion
Work hampered by so much death

22. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

23. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

24. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

25. Treasures from the Americas!

26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

27. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

28. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

29. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

30. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

31. European Empires in the Americas

32. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

33. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

34. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

35. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

36. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

37. New Colonial Rivals

38. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

39. 5. New Patterns of World Trade