1. Cells
For Review

2. Cells Adult human consists of 50-100 Trillion cells Basic unit of life
Very diverse but have much in common
Form defines function

3. 4 Major Parts of all cells
Prokaryote or Eukaryote (You, True Nucleus)
Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm (liquid and organelles)
Cytosol (liquid)

4. Composite Cell

5. Cell Membrane

6. Cell Membrane pg79 Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
Transport Proteins, Cell Surface Markers, Receptor Proteins, Enzymes, Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Semi-permeable/Selectively permeable
Only small non polar substances diffuse freely
Gases and some steroids

7. Cell Membrane

8. Organelles pg 91 Table 3.2 Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria (ATP)
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Centrosomes
Cilia
Flagella
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Nucleus

9. Cell Movement pg91 Passive Transport Active Transport
No ATP needed for movement of materials
Diffuse from high concentration to low concentration
Simply diffuse or use transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins
Ex: Osmosis, is dependent on the concentration of solute in the solution/blood (pg 95)
Hypertonic (water moves out)
Hypotonic (water moves in)
Isotonic (equal movement)
Filtration pg 94, forced through due to pressure (can cause edema)
ATP needed for movement of materials
Pump/move materials from a low concentration to high concentration
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
Table Summarizing Transport Properties pg 100

10. The Cell Cycle Cells come from pre existing cells
The series of changes that a cell undergoes, from the time it forms until it divides.
Interphase
Nuclear Division (PMAT)
Mitosis (somatic cells)
Meiosis (sex cells)
Cytoplasmic Division (cytokinesis)

11. Cell cycle

12. Interphase Very active period of time
Cell grows and maintains its routine functions.
Phases:
a. S phase (synthesis) – DNA replication
b. G1 phase
c. G2 phase

13. Mitosis pg 103 Table 3.4
1 cell with 46 chromosomes (human) divides to become 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each.
phases:
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase

14. Cytokinesis
Begins during Anaphase
Continues through Telophase

15. Control of Cell Division
Cell division varies among cells
Controlled by both internal and external factors
Surface area limits size of cell
Cancer results in a loss of cell cycle control
Tumor (benign vs malignant)
Stem (differentiate) vs Progenitor (committed)
Cell Death (Apoptosis)

17. Part 2 Review of Cells

18. Cellular Metabolism pg 114

19. Cellular Metabolism Sum total of chemical rxns in the cell
Aided by enzymes
Energy is not created or destroyed but rather changed from one form to another
Cellular respiration transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use.
ATP
Energy in the bonds (e-)

21. Cellular Respiration
Occurs in 3 distinct, yet interconnected, series of rxns.
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
These rxns produces/use CO2, water, and energy.
Most of the energy is lost as heat, but ½ is captured as ATP.***
Fig. 4.9 (pg. 121), fig (pg. 123)

22. Metabolism Very complex and contains pathways and cycles.
Anabolism – larger molecules created by smaller ones, requiring energy input.
Catabolism – larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy (output).

23. Anabolism
Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair.
Dehydration synthesis – many simple sugars are joined to form larger molecules.
(ex) pg. 115 “pre-race meal”
-called dehydration due to an –OH group being removed when monosaccharides join.
**this is also how fat cells are formed.

24. Catabolism
Hydrolysis – can decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
A water molecule is used for each bond that is broken.
Hydrolysis of a disaccharide gives 2 monosaccharide.
**hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis.