1. The Skeletal System: Bones, An Overview

2. Warm-Up 1. Name as many parts of the skeleton as you can think of.
2. Have you broken a bone or know someone who has? If so which one/s
- any gnarly bone breaks you had or know of?
3. Explain what is happening in the video

3. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Slide 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Axial Skeleton: The head and trunk
Shade in the axial
Skeleton on your notes

5. Appendicular Skeleton: makes motion possible
Shade in the appendicular
Skeleton with your pencil/pen

6. Quick Quiz 1 of 7 Where is the Axial Skeleton Located?
What is the function of the Appendicular Skeleton?
Name the 4 parts of the skeleton

7. Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
Slide 5.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Slide 5.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Ex: Femur, humerus
Slide 5.4a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Quiz 2 of 7 1. 2 functions of the skeletal system are-
2. Give an example of a long bone and a short bone.

11. Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Ex: Carpals, tarsals
Slide 5.4b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Ex: Skull, ribs, sternum
Slide 5.5a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Ex: Vertebrae and hip
Slide 5.5b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Quick Quiz 3 of 7 What kind of bone can be found in the skull?
Name an irregular bone.

15. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Slide 5.5c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Slide 5.6
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17. Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Slide 5.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18. Quiz 4 of 7
1. Epi means ‘on top of’. How does that relate to the definition of epiphysis?
2. Since bone is a living tissue it needs nutrients. How does it get them?

19. Structures of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
Slide 5.8a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Structures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
Slide 5.8b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Bone Markings Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings
Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
Slide 5.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Quiz 5 of 7
1. Why is it that when people get older they start having knee and joint pain?
2. identify some structures that need to attach to bones.

23. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
Slide 5.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Figure 5.3
Slide 5.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
Slide 5.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Quiz 6 of 7
1. Notice the arteries that run through bone. Why do we see bruises when we break a bone?
2. Finish this sentence
I still have cartilage in my
_________________________________________________

27. Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width
Slide 5.13b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
Slide 5.14b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Slide 5.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. Quick Quiz 7 of 7 1. What is an Osteoblast?
2. As women get older they some have an imbalance of osteoblast function and osteoclast function.
What can result and why is that bad?

31. Questions for Verbal Skeleton Quiz
You will need to be able to identify…
Names of bones
Divisions of the skeletal system- Axial vs Appendicular
Types of bones- flat, long, short, irregular
Example question:
Point to and identify an irregular bone