1. PHYSIOLOGY

2. Cell
Ultimate structural and functional unit in living beings

4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

5. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

6. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms, Bacteria

8. What are organelles??
Organelles are the cell parts in the cell

9. Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer

10. What is cell membrane? Outer most covering of the cell
Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving surroundings
Selectively permeable
Consists of phospholipids and proteins mainly and other macromolecules such as cholesterol and carbohydrate

11. Fluid-mosaic model
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, fluid consistency and a mosaic pattern of embedded proteins

13. Composition of cell membrane

14. Phospholipids hydrophobic hydrophilic Fatty acid tails
Phosphate group head
hydrophilic
Arranged as a bilayer
Phosphate
Fatty acid

15. Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads of the molecules lie on the outward-facing and inward-facing surfaces of the membrane.
Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar tails extend to the interior of the membrane.

16. Proteins Peripheral proteins Integral proteins
loosely bound to surface of membrane
cell surface identity marker
Integral proteins
penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane
transmembrane protein
transport proteins
channels, permeases (pumps)

17. Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside
Plasma
membrane
Inside
Enzyme activity
Cell surface receptor
Transporter
Cell surface identity marker
Attachment to the cytoskeleton
Cell adhesion

18. Carbohydrates
Glycolipids - phospholipids with carbohydrate chains attached
Glycoproteins -proteins have carbohydrate chains attached.
The carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins form the glycocalyx

19. Functions of the Glycocalyx
cell-to-cell recognition
cell-cell adhesion
reception of signal molecules.
The diversity of carbohydrate chains is enormous, providing each individual with a unique cellular “fingerprint”.

20. Cholesterol
Helps maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, and plays a role in facilitating cell signaling ( meaning the ability of your cells to communicate with each other), protecting the proteins and giving them a supportive cover.

21. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria
Supports & protects cells

22. Inside the Cell

23. Nucleus Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA

24. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

25. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

26. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins

27. Cytoplasm
Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around in cell
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

29. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins
Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

30. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

31. Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell

32. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

33. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape

34. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place