1. Intelligence
By Fouzia Hassan

2. What is Intelligence?
Intelligence (in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations

3. DEFINITION
Intelligence is goal directed and adaptive behavior. A property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn.

4. Controversies About Intelligence
Despite general agreement among psychologists about the nature of intelligence, two controversies remain
1. Is intelligence a single overall ability or is it several specific abilities?
2. With modern neuroscience techniques, can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?

5. Intelligence: Ability or Abilities?
Have you ever thought that since people’s mental abilities are so diverse, it may not be justifiable to label those abilities with only one word, intelligence?
You may speculate that diverse abilities represent different kinds of intelligences. How can you test this idea?

6. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Charles Spearman - General Intelligence
Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities
Gilford -Structure of intelligence
Gardner -Multiple component theory
Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence

7. Charles Spearman - General Intelligence:
Spearman proposed that two factors could account for individual differences in scores on mental tests. He called the first factor general intelligence or the general factor, represented as g. According to Spearman, g underlies all intellectual tasks and mental abilities. The g factor represented what all of the mental tests had in common. Scores on all of the tests were positively correlated, Spearman believed, because all of the tests drew on g. The second factor Spearman identified was the specific factor, or s. The specific factor related to whatever unique abilities a particular test required, so it differed from test to test.

8. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities:
Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone ( ) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities" (Thurstone, 1938). The abilities that he described were:
Verbal comprehension
Reasoning
Perceptual speed
Numerical ability
Word fluency
Associative memory
Spatial visualization

9. Contemporary Intelligence Theories
Howard Gardner (1983, 1999) supports Thurstone’s idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms. Gardner notes that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others

10. Gardner
Gardner proposes eight types of intelligences and speculates about a ninth one — existential intelligence. Existential intelligence is the ability to think about the question of life, death and existence.

11. Theories of Multiple Intelligences

12. Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:
Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life". Sternberg proposed what he refers to as 'successful intelligence,' which is comprised of three different factors:
Analytical intelligence: This component refers to problem-solving abilities.
Creative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills.
Practical intelligence: This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment.

13. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
The Emotional Competencies (Goleman) model
The model introduced by Daniel Goleman focuses on EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that drive leadership performance. Goleman's model outlines four main EI constructs:
Self-awareness — the ability to read one's emotions and recognize their impact while using gut feelings to guide decisions.
Self-management — involves controlling one's emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances.
Social awareness — the ability to sense, understand, and react to others' emotions while comprehending social networks.
Relationship management — the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while managing conflict.

14. FORMULAE OF I.Q (William Stern )
MA / CA X 100
Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by hundred.
The mean I.Q. for the general population is 100.

15. Distribution of Intelligence

16. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
David Wechsler
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC)

17. David Wechsler
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems

19. Principles of Test Construction Standardization
Normal curve (bell curve)

21. Principles of Test Construction Reliability
Scores correlate
Test-retest reliability
Split-half reliability

22. Principles of Test Construction Validity
Content validity
Criterion
Predictive validity

23. Reliability: The extent to which psychological test yields the same result each time it is applied to the same quantity.
Split-half reliability: The correlation between scores on two parts of a test.
Test Retest Reliability: A measure of a extent to which scores on a test remain stable over time.

24. Validity: The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure.
Content Validity: The extent to which items on a test are related in a straightforward way to the characteristic the test aims to measure.
Criterion-related Validity: The extent to which scores on a test are related to behaviors (criteria)that are relevant to the characteristic the test purports to measure.

25. MENTAL RETARDATION
Mental retardation/intellectual disability is significantly sub average intellectual functioning present from birth or early infancy, causing limitations in the ability to conduct normal activities of daily living.

26. Factors affecting intelligence
Biological
Environmental.

27. TESTS Aptitude Tests predict a person’s ability in specific area.
Achievement Test determine the specific level of knowledge in an area.

28. Types of TESTS Individual Test & Group Test:
The criterion for any test is Reliability, Validity and Standardization.
INDIVIDUAL TEST:
WAIS III (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children)

29. GROUP TEST Army Alpha Intelligence Test:
During World War I ( ) the United States Army asked educational psychologists to develop an intelligence test for recruits. Paper pencil test.
Army Beta:
During World War I ( ) the United States Army administered intelligence tests. The Army Beta exam, which posed nonverbal problems, was given to non-English speakers and illiterate recruits.

30. Verbal Tests:
Information, Digit Span, Vocabulary, Arithmetic,
Comprehension.
Performance Test:
Picture completion, Picture arrangements, Block Design, Object Assembly, Digit Symbol.

31. Intelligence depends not only on I
Intelligence depends not only on I.Q but many factors such as motivation, personal skills and emotional maturity and environmental factors.