1. PENYIMPANAN DAN STRATEGI PEMBERIAN PAKAN
TEAM TEACHING NUTRISI
PRODI PERIKANAN
FPIK UNPAD 2013

2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
SHRIMP FEEDS & FEEDING “
Albert G. Tacon PhD
Aquatic Feeds & Nutrition Consultant
Aquatic Farms Ltd,
Kaneohe, HI USA

3. Feeds & feeding represent the highest cost item of most semi-intensive & intensive farming systems
6.0%
8.7%
Reyes_Moreno, et al, 2009, FIRA
Labour 6.0%
Shrimp production cost, Mexico , 2009
J. Zendejas – personal communication

4. Wide range of shrimp farming methods
Wide range of stocking densities used by farmers
(<1 to >600/m3);
Wide range of production units used by farmers
(earth pond, lined pond, raceway, indoor tank, cage);
Wide range of water management practices
(open flow-through, closed green-water, zero-exchange);
Wide range of aeration methods
(no aeration, paddle wheel, venturi, aerotube, liquid O2);
Wide range of feeds employed
(low/high protein/energy, pelleted/extruded, fresh/dry);
Wide range of feeding methods
(hand, boat, truck, feeding tray, automatic feeder);
Wide range of shrimp species used by farmers (59/2010)
Wide range of shrimp farming methods

5. In general as farming systems intensify, feed & input costs usually increase, including shrimp production costs
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
COST
FARMING SYSTEM
PRODUCTION
Shrimp production Production cost (tonnes/ha/yr) (kg live shrimp)
Extensive (no feeding) < 0.5 (head-on) $ 1-2/kg Extensive (feeding) < 1 (head-on) $ /kg
Semi-intensive >1 – 3 (<10) $ /kg
Intensive (outdoor) > $ /kg
Intensive (indoor) >40 – $ 4-7.5/kg 1

6. Shrimp feed consumption in 2012

7. Major current shrimp feeds & feeding constraints:
- Decreased global production & availability of fishmeal & fish oil
- Increasing feed ingredient prices & feed manufacturing costs
- Increasing labor & farm energy costs, including aeration costs
- Increasing shrimp production costs & decreasing margins
- Decreasing shrimp prices
and consequent need to
Reduce shrimp production costs/kg - through:
1. Improved feed formulation & ingredient selection
2. Improved feed ingredient processing & feed manufacture
3. Improved on-farm feed storage & feed application techniques
4. Improved environment & water management techniques
5. Improved fish/shrimp health & reduced farm mortalities
6. Improved genetics & faster growing animals “

9. v MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING ON-FARM FEED PERFORMANCE 20/100 20/100
Pond
Biota & culture environment
Feed formulation & nutrient content
On-farm feed feeding method & staffing
Feed
processing & physical property
Feed transportation & storage
method
20/100
20/100
20/100

10. Farm feed performance depends on 5 inter-linked factors
Feed manufacturer control
Farmer control