1. Xenon reduces glutamate-, AMPA-, and kainate-induced membrane currents in cortical neurones 
A. Dinse, K.J. Fo¨hr, M. Georgieff, C. Beyer, A. Bulling, H.U. Weigt 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 94, Issue 4, Pages (April 2005)
DOI: /bja/aei080
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Inhibition of AMPA-induced peak currents in cortical neurones by pre-applied Xe. Cells were voltage-clamped at −80 mV. The concentration of 5-s AMPA pulses was varied between 1 and 400 μM (abscissa). Peak currents were normalized to the mean peak obtained with 400 μM AMPA. Currents obtained in the presence of Xe were significantly smaller than control. Data points represent means (sd) of 4–13 cells. The inset shows representative traces of currents induced by 50 μM AMPA in the absence (left and right, controls) and presence of the dissolved gas (middle, Xe pre-applied for 10 s). Applications of AMPA and Xe (at about 90 μl ml−1 solution) are denoted by horizontal bars.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aei080)
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Fast reversibility of the Xe effect on the AMPA-evoked plateau currents in cortical neurones (‘hump’ current). (a) Simultaneous termination of the application of AMPA and Xe induces a fast transient inward current (‘hump’, indicated by arrow, also seen in inset of Fig. 1). (b) The ‘hump’ is absent, when the application of Xe outlasts the AMPA application. (c) The level of the plateau current turns to the control value when the application of Xe is terminated before that of AMPA. Applications of AMPA and Xe are denoted by bars.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aei080)
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Inhibition of kainate-induced membrane currents in cortical neurones by Xe. The concentration of 5-s kainate pulses was varied between 12.5 and 400 μM. Current responses are normalized to the mean current induced by 400 μM kainate. Data points represent means (sd) of 8–14 cells. Currents obtained in the presence of Xe were significantly smaller than their respective controls. Representative traces of currents induced by 50 μM kainate show the sequence of control, test with Xe and another control (inset). Applications of kainate and Xe are denoted by bars. Cells were voltage-clamped at −80 mV.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aei080)
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Inhibition of glutamate-induced currents in cortical neurones by Xe. (a) Pulses (5 s) of glutamate (3 mM) were applied to neurones in the absence of (controls left and right) and with pre-applied (middle) Xe. (b) Superimposed rising signal component from the left and middle trace at expanded time scale. Rise times (10–90%) for control or in the presence of Xe were 6.2 and 6.4 ms and desensitization time constants were 12.7 and 12.1 ms, respectively. Applications of glutamate and Xe (at about 90 μl ml−1 solution) are denoted by horizontal bars. Neurones were voltage-clamped at −80 mV.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aei080)
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Reduction of kainate-induced membrane currents in GluR6-transfected SH-SY5Y cells by Xe. The concentration of kainate pulses was varied between nM and 20 μM. Current responses are normalized to the mean amplitude induced by 20 μM kainate. Currents obtained in the presence of Xe were significantly smaller than their respective controls. Data points represent means (sd) of 5–14 cells. The inset shows representative original current traces. Applications of kainate and Xe (at about 90 μl ml−1 solution) are denoted by bars. Cells were voltage-clamped at −80 mV.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aei080)
Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions