Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

4 A Tour of the Cell.

Published byMorgan Sullivan Modified over 6 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "4 A Tour of the Cell."— Presentation transcript:

1 4 A Tour of the Cell

2 The Cell Theory New cells come from existing cells
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization for all living organisms

3 10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells
Figure 4.2a 10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0.1 m Unaided eye Chicken egg 1 cm Figure 4.2a The size range of cells and how we view them (part 1: LM to unaided eye) Frog egg 1 mm LM Human egg 100 m 3

4 Super- resolution microscopy
Figure 4.2b 100 m Most plant and animal cells 10 m Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion LM 1 m EM Smallest bacteria Super- resolution microscopy 100 nm Viruses Ribosomes 10 nm Figure 4.2b The size range of cells and how we view them (part 2: EM to LM) Proteins Lipids 1 nm Small molecules Atoms 0.1 nm 4

5 Light Microscopy (LM) 50 m Brightfield (unstained specimen)
Figure 4.3a Light Microscopy (LM) 50 m Brightfield (unstained specimen) Brightfield (stained specimen) Figure 4.3a Exploring microscopy (part 1: light microscopy) Phase-contrast Differential-interference contrast (Nomarski) 5

6 Light Microscopy (LM) 50 m 10 m Fluorescence Confocal Figure 4.3b
Figure 4.3b Exploring microscopy (part 2: light microscopy) Fluorescence Confocal 6

7 Electron Microscopy (EM)
Figure 4.3c Electron Microscopy (EM) Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium Cilia Figure 4.3c Exploring microscopy (part 3: electron microscopy) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2 m Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 7

8 Cell Fractionation Cell fractionation -breaking up cells and separating components by centrifugation Cell components separate based on their relative size Purpose? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

9 Concept 4.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
Prokaryotic cells- domains Bacteria and Archaea Lacks a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic cells - Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants Contain membrane bound organelles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

10 (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b) A thin section through
Figure 4.4 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall Capsule 0.5 m Flagella (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) Figure 4.4 A prokaryotic cell 10

11 Carbohydrate side chains
Figure 4.5 (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 m Carbohydrate side chains Hydrophilic region Figure 4.5 The plasma membrane Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins (b) Structure of the plasma membrane 11

12 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope Smooth ER NUCLEUS
Figure 4.7a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope Smooth ER NUCLEUS Nucleolus Flagellum Rough ER Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Ribosomes Microtubules Figure 4.7a Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 1: animal cell cutaway) Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome 12

13 Rough endoplasmic Nuclear envelope reticulum Nucleolus
Figure 4.7b Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Chromatin NUCLEUS Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments CYTO- SKELETON Microtubules Figure 4.7b Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 2: plant cell cutaway) Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Chloroplast Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell 13

14 Human cells from lining of uterus (colorized TEM)
Figure 4.7c 10 m Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Figure 4.7c Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 3: animal cell, TEM) Human cells from lining of uterus (colorized TEM) 14

15 Yeast cells budding (colorized SEM)
Figure 4.7d Parent cell Buds 5 m Figure 4.7d Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 4: fungal cell, SEM) Yeast cells budding (colorized SEM) 15

16 A single yeast cell (colorized TEM)
Figure 4.7e 1 m Cell wall Vacuole Nucleus Figure 4.7e Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 5: fungal cell, TEM) Mitochondrion A single yeast cell (colorized TEM) 16

17 Cells from duckweed (colorized TEM)
Figure 4.7f Cell 5 m Cell wall Chloroplast Mitochondrion Nucleus Nucleolus Figure 4.7f Exploring eukaryotic cells (part 6: plant cell, TEM) Cells from duckweed (colorized TEM) 17

18 Know the structure and function of the…
Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm – substance of a nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Vesicles Chloroplast Cytoskeleton © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

19 Know the structure and function of the…
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Vesicles Central Vacuole Mitochondria Cell Wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

20 Close-up of nuclear envelope Chromatin Pore complexes (TEM)
Figure 4.8 Nucleus 1 m Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Rough ER Pore complex Surface of nuclear envelope Ribosome Close-up of nuclear envelope Figure 4.8 The nucleus and its envelope 0.25 m Chromatin 0.5 m Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM) 20

21 Free ribosomes in cytosol
Figure 4.9 0.25 m Ribosomes ER Free ribosomes in cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes bound to ER Large subunit Small subunit Figure 4.9 Ribosomes TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome 21

22 Besides the plasma membrane, eukaryotic cells have extensive and elaborate internal membranes
Other organelles Allows specific metabolic functions (chemical reactions) to occur

23 Concept 4.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell endomembrane system includes: Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane These are either continuous or connected through transfer by vesicles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

24 Vesicle: sacs of membranes
Used for transport

25 Endomembrane system functions:
Synthesis of proteins Transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell Metabolism (building or breaking down) and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons

26 0.2 m Smooth ER Rough ER Smooth ER Rough Nuclear ER envelope ER lumen
Figure 4.10 0.2 m Smooth ER Rough ER Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Figure 4.10 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ER lumen Cisternae Transitional ER Ribosomes Transport vesicle 26

27 Golgi apparatus 0.1 m cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus)
Figure 4.11 Golgi apparatus 0.1 m cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) Cisternae Figure 4.11 The Golgi apparatus trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus 27

28 Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Figure Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Figure Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system (step 2) Plasma membrane trans Golgi 28

29 Brief Overview Nuclear envelope: double membrane
Contains pores that allow certain macromolecules entry and exit Nucleolus: assembles rRNA and ribosomes

30 Ribosomes: rRNA and protein responsible for carrying out protein synthesis

31 Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Smooth ER: enzymes synthesize lipids Sex hormones of vertebrates Steroid hormones Detoxify drugs Stores calcium ions

32 Rough ER: produces proteins from the ribosomes
Glycoproteins: proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them by enzymes in the ER

33 Golgi Apparatus: receives, sorts, and ships products of the ER
Cisternae (membrane sacs) are not connected Uses transport vesisicles Receives ER products from the ER at the cis face Dispatches products at the trans face

34 Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Figure Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Figure Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system (step 3) Plasma membrane trans Golgi 34

35 Products are usually modified during transit from cis region to the trans region
Ex. Glycoproteins from the ER have their carbohydrates modified Larger variety

36 Different cisternae contain unique enzymes for modification

37 Lysosomes: membranous sac of protein digesting enzymes
Made by the rough ER and transferred to the Golgi Carry out intracellular digestion

38 Lysosomes: Phagocytosis
Figure 4.12 Nucleus 1 m Lysosome Digestive enzymes Figure 4.12 Lysosomes: phagocytosis Lysosome Plasma membrane Digestion Food vacuole Lysosomes: Phagocytosis 38

39 Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 m
Figure 4.13 Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 m Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome Figure 4.13 Lysosomes: autophagy Peroxisome Mitochondrion Digestion Vesicle Lysosomes: Autophagy 39

40 Endosymbiont Theory: Early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell (mitochondrion) One of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplast) Lynn Margulis

41 using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion
Figure 4.16 Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Engulfing of oxygen- using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Nuclear envelope Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (host cell) Mitochondrion Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote At least one cell Figure 4.16 The endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells Chloroplast Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote Mitochondrion Photosynthetic eukaryote 41

42 Evidence Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes surrounding them Both contain ribosomes and their own circular DNA molecules Both grow and reproduce independently in the cell

43 Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
Mitochondria - inner membrane folded into cristae creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix Matrix contains enzymes that catalyze steps of cellular respiration, circular DNA, and ribosomes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 43

44 Outer membrane Inner membrane
Figure 4.17 Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane DNA Inner membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration Cristae Matrix 0.1 m 44

45 Chloroplast: Capture of Light Energy
Inside the chloroplast: Thylakoid: interconnected sacs in which part of photosynthesis occurs Grana: stacks of thylakoid Stroma: fluid outside of the granum Part of photosynthesis occurs here

46 Inner and outer membranes
Figure 4.18 Ribosomes Stroma Chloroplast Inner and outer membranes Granum DNA Thylakoid Intermembrane space 1 m (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast 50 m Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis Chloroplasts (red) (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell 46

47 1 m Chloroplast Peroxisome Mitochondrion Figure 4.19
Figure 4.19 A peroxisome 47

48 Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
Cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins to produce motility of the cell or cell parts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 48

49 Ex. Transport vesicles use motor proteins to travel through the cell Neurotransmitter molecules Ex. Vesicles budding from the ER to the Golgi

50 Motor proteins “walk” vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers.
Figure 4.21 Vesicle ATP Receptor for motor protein Motor protein (ATP powered) Microtubule of cytoskeleton Motor proteins “walk” vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers. Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 m Figure 4.21 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton (b) SEM of a squid giant axon 50

51 Concept 4.6: cytoskeleton
Figure 4.20 Figure 4.20 The cytoskeleton 10 m 51

52 Components of the Cytoskeleton
Microtubules -thickest –made of tubulin subunits Microfilaments – thinnest – made of actin subunits Intermediate filaments – medium size © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 52

53 Table 4.1 Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton

54 Centrosomes and Centrioles
In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome “microtubule-organizing center” a region near the nucleus centrosome has 2 centrioles, each with a ring of 9 microtubule triplets © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 54

55 Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles Figure 4.22
Figure 4.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles Centrioles 55

56 Centrioles: form spindle apparatus on which chromosomes attach during replication

57 Cilia and Flagella Microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells Used for motion of the cell or surrounding environment

58

59 Flagella and Motile Cilia
Share a common structure Core of microtubules arranged in a ring Basal body: how microtubules are anchored to the cell

60

61 (a) Longitudinal section of motile cilium
Figure 4.23 Plasma membrane 0.1 m Outer microtubule doublet Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Microtubules Cross-linking proteins between outer doublets (b) Cross section of motile cilium Plasma membrane Basal body 0.1 m Figure 4.23 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium 0.5 m Triplet (a) Longitudinal section of motile cilium (c) Cross section of basal body 61

62

63 Plant cell walls have multiple layers
Primary Cell Wall: relatively thin and flexible Middle Lamella: thin layer between primary walls and adjacent cells Secondary Cell Wall: (in some cells) added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

64 Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella 1 m
Figure 4.25 Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella 1 m Central vacuole Cytosol Figure 4.25 Plant cell walls Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata 64

65 The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
Animal cells covered by elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) Contains glycoproteins and other carbohydrate containing molecules by the cell Most abundant is collagen © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 65

66 Figure 4.26 Figure 4.26 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell 66

67 Cell Junctions Adjacent cell adhere, interact, and communicate via sites of direct contact Plasmodesmata: channels that perforate plant cell walls Filled with cytosol

68 Water and small solutes can pass freely between cells

69 Animal Cell Junctions Tight Junctions: plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly pressed together and bound by specific proteins to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

70 Desmosomes: fasten cells together into strong sheets

71 Gap Junctions: similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells
Channels between cells Small molecules may pass between cells Necessary for cell communication

72 Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells
Figure 4.27 Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction TEM 0.5 m Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome TEM 1 m Figure 4.27 Exploring cell junctions in animal tissues Gap junction Ions or small molecules Space between cells TEM Extracellular matrix Plasma membranes of adjacent cells 0.1 m 72

73 Metabolic requirements set upper limits on cell size
surface area to volume ratio of is critical surface area increases by n2, the volume increases by n3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 73

74 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant
Figure 4.6 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [sum of the surface areas (height  width) of all box sides  number of boxes] 6 150 750 Total volume [height  width  length  number of boxes] Figure 4.6 Geometric relationships between surface area and volume 1 125 125 Surface-to-volume ratio [surface area  volume] 6 1.2 6 74

Download ppt "4 A Tour of the Cell."

Similar presentations

What is the primary functions of the nucleus?

What is the primary functions of the nucleus?
-Chapter 7 –The Cell Answer the “Key Concept” Questions for Each Section. Period 1 Lab (Quiz) date = Wednesday November 12 Test Date= Friday November 14.

-Chapter 7 –The Cell Answer the “Key Concept” Questions for Each Section. Period 1 Lab (Quiz) date = Wednesday November 12 Test Date= Friday November 14.
Announcements ● Tutoring Center SCI I, 407 M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30, Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9 ● MasteringBiology Assignment due Tuesday 4/19 ● Exam.

Announcements ● Tutoring Center SCI I, 407 M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30, Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9 ● MasteringBiology Assignment due Tuesday 4/19 ● Exam.
Tour of the Cell. Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Robert Hooke -- 1665: examined thinly sliced cork and coined term “cell”

Tour of the Cell. Robert Hooke ( ) Robert Hooke : examined thinly sliced cork and coined term “cell”
Ch 4 Tour of the Cell. Microscopic Worlds Microscopes led to the discovery of the cell – Light microscopes – Cell membrane - yes – Large macromolecules.

Ch 4 Tour of the Cell. Microscopic Worlds Microscopes led to the discovery of the cell – Light microscopes – Cell membrane - yes – Large macromolecules.
Lecture 2 Outline (Ch. 6) I. Cell Background II. Organelles

Lecture 2 Outline (Ch. 6) I. Cell Background II. Organelles
A tour of the cell.

A tour of the cell.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CHAPTER 6 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL All living things are composed.

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CHAPTER 6 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL All living things are composed.
Read Chapter 4 (all of it) you have a test soon!.

Read Chapter 4 (all of it) you have a test soon!.
4 A Tour of the Cell.

4 A Tour of the Cell.
Cells Wassily Kandinsky ( )

Cells Wassily Kandinsky ( )
Fig. 6-7 TEM of a plasma membrane (a) (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 µm Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region.

Fig. 6-7 TEM of a plasma membrane (a) (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 µm Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region.
LE 7-2 Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER. LE 7-3 Hydrophilic region of protein Hydrophobic region of protein Phospholipid bilayer.

LE 7-2 Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER. LE 7-3 Hydrophilic region of protein Hydrophobic region of protein Phospholipid bilayer.
Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function
10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm

10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm
Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100  m 10  m 1  m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100  m 10  m 1  m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.
Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells domains Bacteria & Archaea 1-10 μm

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells domains Bacteria & Archaea 1-10 μm
Cells.

Cells.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google