1. War and Expansion in the United States
Section-3
War and Expansion in the United States
The United States expands across North America and fights a civil war.

2. Manifest destiny—U.S. has duty to rule ocean to ocean
Section-3
War and Expansion in the United States
Americans Move West
Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny—U.S. has duty to rule ocean to ocean
U.S. pushes Native Americans continuously west to worse lands

3. Who were the original illegal immigrants into the state of Texas?

4. Texas Joins the United States
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War and Expansion in the United States
Texas Joins the United States
American settlers enter Texas, grow unhappy with Mexican rule
Win independence in 1836
U.S. annexes Texas in 1845

5. In 1853, Gadsden Purchase establishes current U.S. boundaries
Section-3
War and Expansion in the United States
Americans Move West
War with Mexico
In 1848, U.S. wins Mexican War
gains southwest, California
In 1853, Gadsden Purchase establishes current U.S. boundaries

6. Civil War Tests Democracy
North and South
Labor in the North is supplied by wage earners
Northern economy has both farms and industry
Continued…

7. Southern economy is based on plantations with slave labor
Southern economy has little industry
South grows a few cash crops (mainly cotton)
Slavery fuels disagreement over states’ rights versus federal rights

8. Abraham Lincoln—elected in 1860, fiercely opposed by South
Civil War Breaks Out
Abraham Lincoln—elected in 1860, fiercely opposed by South
Southern states secede—withdraw from the Union
U.S. Civil War—North defeats South after bitter fighting (1861–1865)
Continued…

9. Emancipation Proclamation—Lincoln
Civil War Tests Democracy {continued}
Abolition of Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation—Lincoln
declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.“
Amendments after war extend citizenship and voting to blacks

10. Civil War Tests Democracy {continued}
Reconstruction
From 1865 to 1877, northern troops occupy South, enforce new laws
After Reconstruction, troops leave and Southerners pass new laws
Segregation—separation of blacks and whites becomes policy in South

11. By 1914 more than 20 million immigrants arrive from Europe, Asia
The Postwar Economy
Immigration
By 1914 more than 20 million immigrants arrive from Europe, Asia
Most immigrants settle in West, Midwest, or Northeast U.S.
Immigrants provide workforce needed for industrialization

12. Transcontinental railroad links east and west in 1869
The Postwar Economy
The Railroads
Transcontinental railroad links east and west in 1869
Almost 200,000 miles of track cross U.S. by 1900
Railroads allow quick movement of goods and raw materials

13. Nineteenth-Century Progress
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Nineteenth-Century Progress
Breakthroughs in science and technology transform daily life and entertainment.

14. Nineteenth-Century Progress
Section-4
Nineteenth-Century Progress
Inventions Make Life Easier
Edison the Inventor
Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory

15. Nineteenth-Century Progress
Section-4
Nineteenth-Century Progress
Inventions Make Life Easier
Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone
In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first radio

16. Nineteenth-Century Progress
Section-4
Nineteenth-Century Progress
Inventions Make Life Easier
Ford Sparks the Automobile Industry
In 1880s, Germans invent first automobile
Henry Ford lowers cost with assembly line—one task per worker

17. Nineteenth-Century Progress
Section-4
Nineteenth-Century Progress
Inventions Make Life Easier
The Wright Brothers Fly
In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working airplane

18. Medical researchers develop vaccines cities improve sanitation
New Ideas in Medicine
The Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation
He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease
British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems
Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection
Medical researchers develop vaccines
cities improve sanitation

19. Theory of evolution—species change slowly through natural selection
New Ideas in Science
Darwin Challenges Traditional Beliefs
Charles Darwin—English scientist develops theory of evolution
In 1880s most people believe in “special creation” by God
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest
Fittest then breed. Their offspring share their advantages.
Theory of evolution—species change slowly through natural selection
Continued…

20. Advances in Chemistry and Physics4
New Ideas in Science {continued}
Mendel and Genetics
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers patterns to inherited traits
Mendel’s work begins the science of genetics
Advances in Chemistry and Physics
In 1803, John Dalton theorizes all matter is made of atoms
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of the elements
Radioactivity—type of energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie
Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons

21. Social Sciences Explore Behavior
New Ideas in Social Science
Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology begin in 1800s
Psychology—study of human mind and behavior
Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious reactions
Sigmund Freud studies unconscious and develops psychoanalysis
Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenment’s faith in reason

22. Sports Entertain Millions
The Rise of Mass Culture
From Leisure Culture to Mass Culture
Mass culture—art, music, writing, entertainment for large audience
Changes Produce Mass Culture
Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to working class
Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies
Traveling acts feature music, juggling, dancing
In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving images
By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films
Sports Entertain Millions
Spectator sports draw huge crowds; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896