1. Geography 3.1 AS 90701 ANALYSE NATURAL PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF A GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT

2. Natural Processes are related sequences of
actions that create or modify natural features.
Natural features are phenomena in a geographic environment that result from natural processes over time.
Geographic environments are spatial areas which are classified by the dominant natural processes that operate within them eg volcanic environments and coastal environments.

3. biological
fluvial
climatic
Main natural processes
aeolian
geologic
soil
glacial
coastal

4. Putting these into processes into high order processes we see 3 major processes interacting.
uplift
energy from the earth
cloud
Rain/snow
sediment
evaporation
decomposition
Salt water
biogeographical
geomorphological
new land
transpiration
Nutrient uptake
new rock
weathering
hydrological
erosion
Ocean water

5. Systems
Systems are dynamic
Systems seek dynamic equilibrium
Change in one part of a system may lead to change in other parts of the system
Landscapes are the results of processes interacting within the environment
Processes vary in time and space
Processes vary in magnitude and frequency

6. Systems have 4 main components:
inputs
feedbacks
processes
outputs

7. For the coastal system identify the elements of each component.
inputs processes outputs
feedbacks

8. Processes are high order and low order
Geomorphological
Hydrological
Climatological
Biogeographical
Pedological
Crustal movement/Igneous activity/weathering/mass wasting/slope development
Wave energy/wave erosion/wave refraction/weathering/longshore transportation/fluvial action
Aeolian action/land and sea level change
Erosion and deposition of landforms
Beach sorting/beach slope development

9. Look at the features that follow and discuss the various factors that have been involved in its formation.
Remember to think in geological time as well as current actions.
Specific detail needs to be included to explain the feature.

10. Whakataki (north of Castlepoint)
And next picture…

12. Castlepoint

13. Raised terraces

14. Whatarangi Bluff

15. Cape Palliser

16. Putangirua Pinnacles

17. Turakirae Head

18. Beach

19. Cape Palliser
Cape Palliser

20. Honeycombe Rock

21. Kupe’s Sail

22. Fan

23. Coastline types – sea level change
Submerged steep terrain – river valleys (ria)
Drowned glacial valleys – fiords
Coastal plain
Steep terrain
Merging alluvial fans
Volcanic

24. Coastline types – rock structure
Atlantic – at 90 degrees to the coast (discordant), bays and headlands
Pacific (Dalmation) – parallel to coast, straight with small bays

25. Coastal classification model
After Valentin

26. Issues around the coast?
Cost
Protection
Erosion
Issues around the coast?
Deposition
Stabilisation
Innundation

27. Uses of the coast Settlement – harbours, recreational centres
Commercial – ports, industry, fishing
Agriculture
Reserves

28. Erosion management options
Advantages
Disadvantages
No Action
Minimum interference with the coast
Political unpopular with residents
Relocation
Minimum interference with the coast
Expensive. Politically unpopular with residents
Seawall or revetment
Reflects destructive wave energy away from coast, perceived as real protection
Expensive, causes enhanced scour in front of wall
Offshore breakwater
Causes wave breaking and therefore energy dissipation, real protection
Expensive, leads to possible changes to wave environment
Groynes
Prevents longshore rift, real protection
Expensive, transfers problem down coast
Beach nourishment
Uses natural processes, doesn’t ruin natural character of beach
Expensive, needs regular and appropriate replacement material

30. Pre
Post

37. Perspectives of coastal management approaches
Scientific, materialistic approach
Maori spiritual approach
Ownership and responsibility issues
Compartmentalisation
Holistic
Let nature take its course
Law and legislation