1. Connecting independent clauses since 1494.
SEMICOLONS
Connecting independent clauses since 1494.

2. Rule 1
Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are closely related in meaning if they are not joined by and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet.
Example: The Jonas Brothers’ latest CD is selling rapidly; they have become major stars.

3. Rule 2
Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.
Examples: I’ve called him repeatedly; however, I’ve not been able to reach him. Julio seems tired; in fact, he seems completely exhausted.

4. Rule 3
A semicolon (rather than a comma) may be needed to separate independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when the clauses contain commas. CONFUSING Bob, Joe, and Mary will sing, and my sister, Pat, will lead the band. CLEAR Bob, Joe, and Mary will sing; and my sister, Pat, will lead the band.

5. Rule 4
Use a semicolon between items in a series if the items contain commas. Examples: In Europe they visited London, England, Paris, France, and Madrid, Spain. In Europe they visited London, England; Paris, France; and Madrid, Spain.