1. 4. Socialization

2. Socialization is the process whereby infants and children develop into social beings. Among other things, children develop a sense of self, memory, language, and intellect.
Social scientists emphasize that socialization is intimately related to cognitive, personality, and social development.

3. Piaget observed children reasoning and understanding differently, depending on their age. He proposed that all children progress through a series of cognitive stages of development, just as they progress through a series of physical stages of development. According to Piaget, the rate at which children pass through these cognitive stages may vary, but they eventually pass through all of them in the same order.
According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs from two processes: adaptation and equilibrium. 
Adaptation involves the child's changing to meet situational demands. Adaptation involves two sub-processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. An example is the child who refers to a whale as a “fish.” Accommodation is the altering of previous concepts in the face of new information. An example is the child who discovers that some creatures living in the ocean are not fish, and then correctly refers to a whale as a “mammal.” 
Equilibrium is the search for “balance” between self and the world, and involves the matching of the child's adaptive functioning to situational demands. Equilibrium keeps the infant moving along the developmental pathway, allowing him or her to make increasingly effective adaptations.

5. Socialization: Is It Important?
Link between individual and society.
Role-Taking (Mead distinguished four stages of child development of role-taking: Preparatory stage: 0-3, Play stage: 3-5, Game stage: school age, and Generalized other.

6. How are Children Socialized
How are Children Socialized? Socialization practices varied markedly from society to society but socialization practices were generally similar among people of the same society. There are two broad types of teaching methods: 1. Formal education is what primarily happens in a classroom. It usually is structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are professional "knowers." 2. Informal education can occur anywhere. It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation and repetitive practice of basic skills.

7. Different methods are used to control children in societies: • Fear and physical punishment. • Parental praise and the threat of withholding praise. • Teasing and scaring children.

8. Agents of Socialization
There are many interrelated agents of socialization: family, education, media, the market, virtual communities