1. A Cervical Approach to Investigating Pleural Disease
Lucy Fowkes, BM, Kelvin K.W. Lau, MRCS, DPhil, Nehal Shah, MRCS, Edward Black, FRCS(CTh) 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 88, Issue 1, Pages (July 2009)
DOI: /j.athoracsur
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
On the left side, the pleura is approached between the innominate, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries (a) where the lung can be seen beyond the translucent pleura (b). On the right side, it can be approached anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava (c), also where the lung is most obviously seen through the pleura (d). The accessible area of the hemithorax is limited by the angle of view of the scope (e); however this can be expanded with a 30 scope.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions