1. Population Ecology
I. Attributes
II.Distribution
III. Population Growth – changes in size through time
IV. Species Interactions

2. IV. Species Interactions A. Types
Effect on Species 2
Effect on species 1
Positive
Neutral
Negative
mutualism
commensal
consumer -
amensal
competition

3. IV. Species Interactions
A. Types

4. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types

5. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
- Structural, morphological

6. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
- Behavioral
Sit-and-wait, crypsis
pursuit

7. Tadpole responses

8. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
- Chemical

9. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
- Chemical

10. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
3. Novel Aspects of Parasitism
Complex life cycle
Multiple hosts
(definitive host is where sex. Rep. occurs)
Evade immune system
Reduction in structural complexity

11. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
1. Types
2. Responses
3. Novel Aspects of Parasitism
Complex life cycle
Multiple hosts
(definitive host is where sex. Rep. occurs)
Evade immune system
Reduction in structural complexity
214 million cases in 2015
Between 2000 and 2015, malaria incidence among populations at risk (the rate of new cases) fell by 37% globally. In that same period, malaria death rates among populations at risk fell by 60% globally among all age groups, and by 65% among children under 5.
Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2015, the region was home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths.
WHO (2016)

12. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
1. Types:
- exploitative/‘scramble’ – organisms remove what they can, and neither make get enough
- territorial/ ‘contest’ – competition for access to the resource, with ‘winner take all’
2. Responses
- Competititve exclusion (one species wins)
- Coexistence by resource partitioning

13. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
D. Mutualisms
1. Types:
- trophic: involve species with complementary feeding relationships and they share food (mycorrhizae)
- defensive: one species provides defense to another, in exchange for some service or food (ant-aciacia)
- dispersive: one species disperses pollen or fruit in exchange for food
2. Responses
- Increase frequency and intimacy
- May increase the probability of extinction if an obligate relationship develops

14. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
D. Mutualisms

15. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
D. Mutualisms
E. Interactions are not Static
1. Competition – Faciliation Continua

16. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
D. Mutualisms
E. Interactions are not Static
2. Parasitism – Mutualism Continua

17. IV. Species Interactions
B. Consumer-Resource
C. Competition
D. Mutualisms
E. Interactions are not Static
2. Parasitism – Mutualism Continua
Buchnera – bacterial endosymbiont that uses sugars from aphid but produces essential amino acids.