1. Core Concepts Part 1: Tools of Geography

2. Vocabulary: page C4
Geography: the study of human and nonhuman features of Earth.
Cardinal Directions: north, south, east, and west
Sphere: round-shaped body (Globe)
Latitude: the distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured in degrees.
Degrees (˚): are units that measure angles [Minutes (‘) measure smaller units]
Hemisphere: each half of the earth
Longitude: the distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.

3. Absolute location: a place’s exact position on Earth in terms of longitude and latitude.
Relative location: the location of a place relative to another place.
Place: refers to the mix of human and nonhuman features at a given location. (hilly, dry, wet, hot, cold, humid, flat, etc.)
Region: an area with at least one unifying physical or human feature. (Remember: We are in the South (region) and we say y’all and drink sweet tea!)
Movement: how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another.
Human-environment interaction: how people affect their environment, or their natural surroundings, and how their environment affects them.
Vocabulary: page C6

4. Vocabulary: page C8
Scale: the area a given space on the map corresponds to in the real world.
Aerial photographs: photographic images of Earth’s surface taken from the air.
Satellite images: pictures of Earth’s surface taken from a satellite in orbit.
Geographic information systems (GIS): computer-based systems that store and use information linked to geographic locations.
Distortion: loss of accuracy in the size or position of objects on a map.
Projections: ways to map Earth on a flat surface.

5. Ways to show Earth’s surface:
Aerial Photographs
Satellite Images

6. Vocabulary: Page C10

7. Vocabulary: page C12
1. Physical Map: shows physical or natural features. (elevation, river flows, etc.)
Elevation: height above sea level
Political map: show political units, like states, countries, capitals, and cities.
Special-purpose maps: show the location or distribution of human or physical features.