1. Where we’ve been, Where we’re going
Water cycle
Rivers
Ground water
Hurricanes
El Nino/La Nina
Water Quality/Chemistry
Water’s physical properties
Ocean geography : ocean basins, plate tectonics
Ocean water : waves, tides & currents

2. The Oceans
(the big blue)

3. Properties of sea water:
Salinity – why is it salty?
What kind of salt is it?
Density of sea water & it’s effect

4. Important vocabulary:
Salinity = Saltiness
Salinity = how much salt is in the water
Salt = another name for IONIC COMPOUND
NaCl MgCl2 CuSO all “salts”
What is the salinity of the oceans?”
on average it is ~33ppt (parts per thousands)
~33g/kg
Or, - each kg of ocean water has 33 grams of salt in it.

5. Some vocabulary to know:
Fresh
water
Brackish
Salt
Brine
<0.5
0.5–30
30–50
>50

6. So, why is the ocean salty?

10. River water dissolves “salts” from the land and carries them to the ocean
Rivers are about 0.1ppt salinity
Bicarbonate HCO %
Calcium Ca %
Sulfate SO %
Chloride Cl %
Sodium Na %

11. Salinity: Normal Lakes vs Salt lakes
(Dead sea, Isreal
(great salt lake, Utah)
No water
Flows out!!!

12. Salinity: Why is the ocean salty?
If you had a glass, and you put slightly muddy water in it, then let it all evaporate… then refilled it with more muddy water, and let it evaporate, …. What would happen?
If you had another glass and you put tap water in it, (is tap water pure?) and let it evaporate, then refilled, and let it evaporate, and you did this times…. What would happen?

15. So why is the ocean salty?
All the dissolved stuff from rivers accumulated over time.
But…. If you look at the ocean there has to be more to it!

16. What type of salt is it? Composition of sea salt compared to rivers – NOT just concentrated rivers salts
Rivers Ocean
0.1 ppt vs. 32 ppt
Bicarbonate 58.4% Chloride 55%
Calcium 15% Sodium %
Sulfate 11.2% Sulfate %
Chloride 7.8% Magn %
Sodium 6.3% Calcium %
Potassium 1.10%

17. So, why is the ocean’s salt different than just “concentrated river” salt
Things use the calcium & carbonate to make shells of calcium carbonate
Also, Many algae, (Diatoms) make their shells from Silica (glass/sand).
Short answer: Some of the
dissolved stuff is useful, and so is taken out.

18. So, what must not be very usefull?
Rivers Ocean
0.1 ppt vs. 32 ppt
Bicarbonate 58.4% Chloride 55%
Calcium 15% Sodium %
Sulfate %
Sulfate Magn %
Chloride 7.8% Calcium %
Sodium 6.3% Potassium 1.10%

19. Sea Water’s Density Which is denser Salt water or fresh water?
Which is denser cold water or hot water?
So what are the two things that can change water’s density?

20. Temperature salinity graph

21. Which water is MORE dense
A) Water at 0 degrees & 35 ppt
B) Water at 10 degrees and 33 ppt
C) Water at 30 degree and 37 ppt

22. If you put these three waters together (and we assume they don’t mix but form three layers… which one is on top?
A) Water at 0 degrees & 35 ppt
B) Water at 10 degrees and 33 ppt
C) Water at 30 degree and 37 ppt

23. So when a river flows out, does it flow on top or to the bottom of the ocean?

24. 2nd place density takes a big effect
1st – is estuaries (rivers meet ocean)
fresh water vs salt water
2nd – is the cold north and south poles
salt water vs cold saltier water

25. Evaporating and freezing “purifies” water.
What color is water and ice?
What happens to salt and other stuff when water freezes? Does it stay or get pushed out?
Ice is clear, impurities
make it cloudy
Anything dissolved gets pushed out,
Salt, dissolved gas, anything

26. Freezing ocean creates saltier cold water… that sinks!

27. Water sinks at the poles – due to increased density

28. Summary
Oceans are salty due to river input of thousands of years of dissolved minerals
Ocean salt is not the same as river salt because of biology (uses some of the salts)
Density of sea water is controlled by salt and temperature
Sea water tends to sink at the poles due to increased salinity and decrease in temperature.