1. Developmental Science
The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan

2. The Field of Developmental Science
Scientific
Applied
Interdisciplinary

3. Theory An orderly, integrated set of statements that behavior
describes
explains
predicts
behavior

4. Basic Issues in Development
Continuous or discontinuous?
One course of development or many?
Relative influence of nature and nurture?

5. Contexts of Development
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change

6. Basic Issues Nature vs. Nurture Nature Hereditary information
Received from parents at conception
Nurture
Physical and social forces
Influences biological and psychological development

7. Stability and Plasticity
Persistence of individual differences
Lifelong patterns established by early experiences
Plasticity
Development is open to lifelong change
Change occurs based on influential experiences

8. Development as a Dynamic System
Ongoing process from conception to death
Molded by network of influences:
biological
psychological
social

9. Lifespan Perspective Development is lifelong
multidimensional and multidirectional
highly plastic
influenced by multiple, interacting forces
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10. Periods of Development Infancy and toddlerhood
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood
Birth–2 years
Early childhood
2–6 years
Middle childhood
6–11 years
Adolescence
11–18 years
Early adulthood
18–40 years
Middle adulthood
40–65 years
Late adulthood
65 years–death

11. Major Domains of Development
Figure 1.2 Major domains of development
Figure 1.2

12. Influences on Development
Multiple, interacting forces:
Age-graded
History-graded
Nonnormative
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13. Resilience
Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
Factors in resilience:
personal characteristics
warm parental relationship
social support outside family
community resources and opportunities
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14. Lifespan View of Development
Figure 1.3 The lifespan view of development
Figure 1.3

15. Scientific Beginnings
Darwin
Theory of evolution
Hall, Gesell
Normative approach
Binet
Mental testing movement

16. Early Scientific Theories
Theory of evolution
Natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Normative approach
Child study movement
Development as a maturational process
Mental testing movement
First successful intelligence test
In forefront of nature–nurture controversy

17. Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud and Erikson
Emphasis on individual’s unique life history
Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
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18. Freud’s Three Parts of the PersonalityId
Largest portion of the mind
Source of biological needs/desires
Ego
Conscious, rational part of personality
Emerges in early infancy
Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways
Superego
The conscience
Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers

19. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth–1 year
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
1–3 years
Initiative vs. guilt
3–6 years
Industry vs. inferiority
6–11 years
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Early adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Late adulthood

21. Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Social learning theory
Classical
conditioning
Stimulus–response
Operant
Reinforcers and punishments
Social learning theory
Social-cognitive approach

22. Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory
Contributions:
behavior modification
modeling, observational learning
Limitations:
narrow view of environmental influences
underestimates individual’s active role

23. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world.
Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment.
Development moves through four broad stages.

24. Piaget’s Stages Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational
Formal operational
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25. Information Processing
View of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system
Development as a continuous process
Use of rigorous research methods
Little insight into creativity or imagination

26. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Brings together researchers from
psychology
biology
neuroscience
medicine
Practical applications

27. Ethology Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors:
critical period
sensitive period
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28. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Adaptive value of
cognitive
emotional
social
competencies as they change with age
Person–environment system throughout the lifespan

29. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s
values
beliefs
customs
skills
Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society
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30. Ecological Systems Theory
Figure 1.5 Structure of the environment in ecological systems theory
Figure 1.5

31. Ecological Systems Theory
Layers of the environment:
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
Chronosystem: temporal dimension
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