1. Ch.13 Sec3 The National State & Democracy
Main Idea
The gov’ts of western Europe were challenged by the development of new political parties

2. I. Western Europe and Political Democracy
Great Britain
Had two political parties
Liberals
Conservatives
Both groups competed with each other in passing laws that expanded the right to vote. By 1918 all males (21 & over) and women (30 & over) could vote

3. Social reforms took place for the working class who supported the Liberals
The growth of trade unions and the emergence of the new Labour Party made the Liberals fear they would lose the support of the working class.
For the Liberal Party to retain support what did they do to help the workers?
pass reforms like benefits for workers in case of sickness, unemployment, or injury on the job.

4. France
The collapse of Louis-Napoleon’s 2nd empire left the country in confusion. In 1875 a new constitution created a French republic (Third Republic) This new Republic had
President (power not well defined)
two house system
France failed to develop a strong parliamentary system because it had a dozen political parties

5. Italy
Italy emerged as a nation by 1870, but it had little unity because of a great gulf that separated the poor.
The unity of the nation was torn by turmoil between labor and industry.
Universal male suffrage was granted in 1912, but lots of corruption and weakness took place.

6. II. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Germany
Otto von Bismarck started the constitution of Germany’s gov’t in It had a two-house legislature.
Reichstag – elected by universal male suffrage
Emperor – controlled armed forces, foreign policy

7. Bismarck worked against democracy.
By the time of William II ( ) cities grew and cries for democracy increased.
Conservatives (landowning nobility and big industrialist) did not like the democracy ideas.

8. Austria
Austria had a constitution but the Emperor Francis Joseph ignored it. He appointed who he wanted.

9. The old South was destroyed by
United States
The old South was destroyed by
American Civil War
4 million African American slaves were freed. 13th, 14th, 15th amendments granted A.A. rights, but states laws took these rights away.
Bet the U.S. shifted from an agricultural society to an industrial socieity.

10. Industrialization led to urbanization (40% lived in cities)
By 1900, U.S. was worlds richest nation.
9% of pop. Owned 71% of the wealth.
Workers organized unions!

11. By the end of the 1800’s, the U.S. began to expand abroad
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
Canada
Unity was hard to achieve because of distrust bet. English and French speaking peoples.

12. III. Crises in the Balkans
Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire had gradually gained independence over the 1800’s. Bosnia was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.
Serbs opposed annexation because they wanted to Bosnia