1. Chapter 11

2. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.1 Approaches, differing in spatial and temporal scale of thinking, about industrialization and the natural ecosystem (adapted from Coulter et al. 1995).
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.2 The carbon cycle in nature, showing how some of the many subsystems that have evolved transform resources. They do so in such a way as to give balance and long-term stability.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.3 The additional burden placed on the carbon cycle by large-scale industrialization. The subsystems that evolved to balance the cycle still exist but work at rates that do not begin to replace the resources that are consumed.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.4 The comparison of the natural and the industrial ecosystems.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.5 The energy, biomass, and material flows.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.6 A hierarchy of natural structural materials.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.7 The thermal conductivity and thermal mass of building materials. The contours show the wall thickness required to give a thermal cycle time of 12 hours.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.8 The tensile strength and modulus of natural and man-made fibers. Records for most of these can be found in Chapter 15.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.9 The specific tensile strength and modulus for the same natural and man-made fibers that appear in Figure 11.8.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure Bio-derived polymers and composites.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure Stress-strain curves for natural fiber–reinforced composites compared with that for a glass-polypropylene composite.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.