1. Chapter 10 Properties of Solids and Liquids
10.5 Changes of State
Learning Goal Describe the changes of state between solids, liquids, and gases; calculate the energy involved.

2. Change of State
Matter undergoes a change of state when it is converted from one state to another at a constant temperature.
Figure Changes of state include melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation and deposition.

3. Melting and Freezing
A substance
changes from a solid to a liquid at its melting point (mp)
changes from a liquid to a solid at its freezing point (fp)
Water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 °C.

4. Heat of Fusion
The heat of fusion is the energy that must be added to convert exactly 1 g of solid to a liquid at its melting point. For H2O, 334 J of heat is needed to melt 1 g of ice at its melting point (0 °C). H2O(s) J/g  H2O(l) Endothermic

5. Heat of Fusion, H2O
The heat of fusion is also the quantity of heat that must be removed to freeze 1 g of water at its freezing point (0 °C). For H2O, 334 J of heat is removed to freeze 1 g of ice at its melting point (0 °C). H2O(l)  H2O(s) J/g Exothermic

6. Heat of Fusion, H2O
The heat of fusion for water can be used as a conversion factor. 1 g H2O = 334 J Calculating heat to melt (or freeze) water, we use the following equation:

7. Guide to Calculations, Heat of Fusion

8. Learning Check
How much heat in joules is needed to melt 15.0 g of ice (H2O)?

9. Solution
How much heat in joules is needed to melt 15.0 g of ice (H2O)? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Given: 15.0 g of H2O(s) at 0 °C Need: joules to melt ice at 0 °C

10. Solution
How much heat in joules is needed to melt 15.0 g of ice (H2O)? Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given quantity to the needed quantity.

11. Solution
How much heat in joules is needed to melt 15.0 g of ice (H2O)? Step 3 Write the heat of fusion factor and any metric factor needed.

12. Solution
How much heat in joules is needed to melt 15.0 g of ice (H2O)? Step 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity.

13. Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
Evaporation occurs when water molecules gain sufficient energy to escape the liquid surface and enter the gas phase.

14. Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
At the boiling point, the molecules have enough energy to overcome their attractive forces and become a gas.

15. Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
In condensation water vapor is converted to a liquid as the water molecules lose kinetic energy and slow down. Condensation occurs at the same temperature as boiling, but heat is removed.

16. Heat of Fusion, Vaporization for Selected Substances

17. Heat of Vaporization versus Heat of Fusion

18. Heat of Vaporization, H2O
The heat of vaporization for water can be used as a conversion factor. 1 g H2O = 2260 J To calculate the heat needed to boil (or vaporize) water, we use the following equation:

19. Guide to Calculations, Heat of Vaporization

20. Learning Check
How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C ?

21. Solution
How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when 50.0 g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C ? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Given: 50.0 g of H2O(g) Need: kilojoules released to condense H2O(g) to H2O(l)

22. Solution
How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when 50.0 g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C ? Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given quantity to the needed quantity.

23. Solution
How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when 50.0 g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C ? Step 3 Write the heat of vaporization factor and any metric factor needed.

24. Solution
How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when 50.0 g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C ? Step 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity.

25. Heating and Cooling Curves
All the changes of state during the heating of a solid can be illustrated using a heating curve.
Heating curves are a graph, with temperature on the vertical axis and addition of heat on the horizontal axis.
Heating curves illustrate a change
of state, using a horizontal line
in temperature of a substance as energy is added or released by a sloped line

26. Heating Curve, H2O
Figure A heating curve diagrams the temperature increases and changes of state as heat is added.

27. Cooling Curve, H2O
The cooling curve is a diagram of the cooling process and the reverse of a heating curve.
A cooling curve for water illustrates the change in temperature and changes of state as heat is removed.

28. Combining Energy Calculations

29. Learning Check
A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change B. a constant temperature C. a change of state A sloped line on a heating curve represents

30. Solution
A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents C. a change of state A sloped line on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change

31. Learning Check
Use the cooling curve for H2O to answer each. A. Water condenses at a temperature of (1) 0 °C (2) 50 °C (3) 100 °C B. At a temperature of 0 °C, liquid water (1) freezes (2) melts (3) changes to a gas C. When water freezes, heat is (1) removed (2) added

32. Solution
Use the cooling curve for H2O to answer each. A. Water condenses at a temperature of (3) 100 °C B. At a temperature of 0 °C, liquid water (1) freezes C. When water freezes, heat is (1) removed

33. Learning Check
To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250. g of ice H2O(s). If the ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to body temperature (37.0 °C), how many joules are removed?

34. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Given: 250. g H2O(s) H2O(l) water at 37.0 °C Need: joules to melt H2O(s) at 0 °C and warm to 37.0 °C

35. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity.

36. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity.

37. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 3 Write the conversion factors needed.

38. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity.

39. Solution
If 250. g ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to 37.0 °C, how many joules are removed? Step 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed quantity.

40. Concept Check