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Chapter 6 Chemistry of Life
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Elements Approximately 115 are known to exist
Only 25 are essential for living things 4 elements make up 96% of the human body: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
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Atoms Smallest particle of an element that has the element’s characteristics Basic building block of matter Has a nucleus with protons (+) and neutrons (no charge) and an electron cloud (-).
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Atomic number tells you number of protons and electrons
Atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and neutrons added together
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Determining Number of Protons, Electrons, & Neutrons
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Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons Example: C-14, C-12, C-13 Used to date fossils, diagnose or treat disease
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Compounds Substance composed of two or more elements in definite proportions Examples: NaCl, H2O Created through bonding
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Ionic Bonding When electrons are transferred from one atom to another in order to achieve stability. Creates one atom that has a positive charge and one that has a negative charge The opposite charges cause the atoms to be attracted to each other.
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Ionic Bond
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Covalent Bonding Atoms share pairs of electrons in order to reach stable outer energy levels. The shared pair(s) keep the molecule together
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Covalent Bonding
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Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are formed or broken
Reactants Products 2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Acids & Bases pH – measure of how acidic or basic something is
Scale ranges from 1(acid)-14(base) 7 is neutral
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Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ratio of H:O is 2:1 2 Hydrogen : 1 Oxygen C6H12O6
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Carbohydrates Continued
Monosaccharide – single, simple sugars Glucose and fructose Disaccharide – double sugar Lactose and sucrose Polysaccharide – large sugar Starch and glycogen Important for energy and making cell parts
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Lipids Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ratio of H:O is much greater than 2:1
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Lipids Continued Important for: Fats, waxes, and oils Energy storage
Insulation Cell membranes Fats, waxes, and oils
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Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN
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Proteins Continued Made from subunits called amino acids
Important for: Tissue structure Muscle contracting Transporting oxygen Immunity Enzymes
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Nucleic Acids Biomolecule that stores cellular information in a code
Made of subunits called nucleotides Contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus Made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid
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