1. 11-4 How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands?
Concept To maintain the ecological and economic services of wetlands, we must maximize preservation of remaining wetlands and restoration of degraded and destroyed wetlands.

2. Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World
Coastal and inland wetlands are important reservoirs of aquatic biodiversity that are highly _______________
productive

3. Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World
They also provide vital ecological and economic services…
Provide natural _____________ and _____________ control
Acts as _________________ that maintain high water quality
Despite this value, the U.S. has lost at least __________ of its wetland areas since 1900
Other countries have lost much more
flood
erosion
filters
half

4. Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World
Wetlands are threatened by people…
draining or filling the land for use as __________________ or ______________ areas
destroying the areas to ____________ minerals, oil, and natural gas
Destroying the areas to eliminate breeding grounds for _____________ causing insects
Wetlands are also threatened by climate change and ______________ sea levels…they may eventually be underwater
cropland
urban
extract
disease
rising

5. We Can Preserve and Restore Wetlands
To protect U.S. wetlands, ____________ laws have been created to steer development away from wetlands
For example, you need a federal ______________ to fill wetlands greater than 3 acres or to deposit material on them
Has helped cut the average annual wetland loss by _______ since 1969
zoning
permit
80%

6. We Can Preserve and Restore Wetlands
The U.S. also uses a policy known as ______________ banking in an attempt to keep our “net” wetland loss at _________
You can only destroy an existing wetland if one of equal area is _________________
Ecologists argue that this should be used as a last resort
Creating wetlands is __________________...nearly ________ of the attempts to create wetlands fail
Created wetlands often do not provide the _________ ecological functions as natural ones
mitigation
zero
created
difficult
half
same

7. Human-Created Wetland in Florida
Figure 11.12: This human-created wetland is located near Orlando, Florida (USA).
Fig , p. 268

8. Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1)
The Florida Everglades was once a ____________ wide, knee deep sheet of water flowing slowly south from Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Bay
“River of Grass”
60-mile

9. Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1)
To protect the Everglades, a national _________ was created in 1947
The park, however, was not a successful conservation effort due to development projects _________ of the everglades
park
north

10. Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1)
The wandering Kissimmee River was converted into a _____________ canal to control flooding
________________ areas were also created
Everglades are now less than _________ of its original size and much of it has ___________ out
straight
Agricultural
half
dried

11. Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (2)
In 1990, after much political haggling, the Florida state government and our national government agreed to start the world’s ________________ ecological restoration project
Called the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan or _________________
Restore ________________ flow of ½ of Kissimmee River
Remove ____________ and levees in strategic locations
largest
CERP
curving
canals

12. Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (2)
3. ____________ farmland to create artificial marshes
Create 18 ____________________ to create a _______________ supply for lower Everglades and humans
Build new canals and a _______________ system to recapture water flowing to sea and _____________ it to Everglades
Already weakened by Florida legislature
Voted to allow sugarcane farmers to increase their amount of ___________________ discharge
Dates have been __________________ and funding has fallen ______________
Flood
reservoirs
water
pumping
return
phosphorus
postponed
short

13. 11-5 How Should We Protect and Sustain Freshwater Lakes, Rivers, and Fisheries?
Concept Freshwater ecosystems are strongly affected by human activities on adjacent lands, and protecting these ecosystems must include protection of their watersheds.

14. Freshwater lakes, rivers, and fisheries are also severely threatened by human activities
Waterfall
Lake
Glacier
Rain and snow
Rapids
Source Zone
Transition Zone
Tributary
Flood plain
Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Delta
Deposited sediment
Ocean
Water
Sediment
Floodplain Zone

15. Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Delta
Deposited sediment
Ocean
Water
Sediment
Floodplain Zone

16. Freshwater Ecosystems Are under Major Threats
Think: HIPPCO to summarize the threats
40% of world’s rivers are ________________
Many freshwater wetlands ______________
Invasive species
Human population pressures and pollution
Overfishing
Overuse of freshwater supplies
dammed
destroyed

17. Case Study: Can the Great Lakes Survive Repeated Invasions by Alien Species?
Collectively, the Great Lakes are the world’s _______________ body of freshwater
Invaded by at least _______
nonnative species
Sea lamprey
Zebra mussel
Quagga mussel
Asian carp
largest
162
sea lamprey

18. Zebra Mussels Attached to a Water Current Meter in Lake Michigan
Zebra mussels were most likely introduced to the Great Lakes by a European ________ near Detroit, Michigan
Reproduces rapidly and has no natural enemies in the Great Lakes
Has _______________ other mussel species and depleted the food supply for aquatic species
ship
Figure 11.14: These zebra mussels are attached to a water current meter in Lake Michigan. This invader entered the Great Lakes through ballast water dumped from a European ship. It has become a major nuisance and a threat to commerce as well as to biodiversity in the Great Lakes.
displaced

19. Zebra Mussels Attached to a Water Current Meter in Lake Michigan
Zebra mussels also…
___________ irrigation pipes
Shut down water __________ pipes for power plants and city water supplies
Jammed ships’ ___________
Cost the U.S. and Canada about ________________ dollars per year
clog
intake
rudders
Figure 11.14: These zebra mussels are attached to a water current meter in Lake Michigan. This invader entered the Great Lakes through ballast water dumped from a European ship. It has become a major nuisance and a threat to commerce as well as to biodiversity in the Great Lakes.
1 billion

20. Asian Carp from Lake Michigan
Asian Carp or ___________ carp were used in aquaculture farms to remove suspended water and algae
After heavy flooding, they found their way into the _____________ and _____________________ rivers
Voracious eaters that can jump clear out of the water…collisions have ______________ boaters
grass
Mississippi
Illinois
Figure 11.15: According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, two species of Asian carp were close to invading Lake Michigan in If they become established in Lake Michigan, they are likely to spread rapidly and disrupt the food web that supports the lakes’ native fish populations. Eventually, they could become the dominant fish species in the interconnected Great Lakes.
injured

21. Asian Carp from Lake Michigan
Have been found very _________ to Lake Michigan….
Joel Brammeler, president of the Alliance for the Great Lakes has warned…
“If Asian Carp get into Lake Michigan, there is no stopping them”
close
Figure 11.15: According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, two species of Asian carp were close to invading Lake Michigan in If they become established in Lake Michigan, they are likely to spread rapidly and disrupt the food web that supports the lakes’ native fish populations. Eventually, they could become the dominant fish species in the interconnected Great Lakes.

22. Managing River Basins Is Complex and Controversial
Rivers and their basins can be very difficult to manage due to their _____________
For example, the _______________ River, which runs through parts of the U.S. and Canada, has __________ dams…
Provide _____________________ power
Provide ___________________ water
Disrupt the _________________ patterns of salmon
Columbia River’s wild Pacific salmon population has dropped by ________
length
Columbia
119
hydroelectric
irrigation
migration
94%

23. We Can Protect Freshwater Ecosystems by Protecting Watersheds
Restoring and sustaining our rivers may involve taking ____________ some dams and restoring river _____________
1968 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Wild rivers are relatively inaccessible except by ____________
Scenic rivers are free of dams and mostly undeveloped
In 2009 a U.S. law was passed to ___________ the length of wild and scenic rivers by half
down
flow
trail
extend

24. Freshwater Fisheries Need Better Protection
Traditionally, freshwater fisheries have been managed by regulating…
the time and length of the fishing ______________
The ________________ and __________ of fish that can be taken
Other techniques may be needed…
_______________ reservoirs and ponds and stocking them with fish
Protecting fish ________________ sites
Protect fish habitats from _________________ build up and ___________________
season
number
size
Building
spawning
sediment
pollution

25. 11-6 What Are the Priorities for Sustained Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services?
Concept Sustaining the world’s aquatic biodiversity requires mapping it, protecting aquatic hotspots, creating large, fully protected marine reserves, protecting freshwater ecosystems, and carrying out ecological restoration of degraded coastal and inland wetlands.

26. Using an Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
Using an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic biodiversity will involve…
Complete the ________________ of the world’s aquatic biodiversity
Identify and preserve aquatic diversity _________________ (high diversity and threatened)
Create large and fully protected marine ____________
Protect and _____________ the world’s lakes and rivers
Make conservation ____________________ rewarding
mapping
hotspots
reserves
restore
financially
Start restoration projects

27. Review Questions
What does mitigation banking involve regarding wetlands?
Why has the Everglades National Park not been a success?
Creating new wetlands to replace destroyed ones
Development north of the park affected
the water flow
Lack of funding/political support

28. Review Questions
What are some invasive species that are threats to the Great Lakes
How have dams negatively affected the Columbia River’s habitat?
Sea lamprey
Zebra Mussels
Quagga mussels
Asian carp
Disturbs natural river flow and
the migration pattern of salmon