1. Meaning of Tariffs Types of Tariffs Effects of Tariffs

2. Meaning of Tariffs
Tariffs refers to import duties and export duties. In other words we can say tariffs is a tax or duty levied on goods when they enter or leave the national boundary.

3. Cont’ed Why impose tariff? To discourage consumption To raise revenue
To discourage imports
To protect domestic industries

4. Types of Trade Tariffs are classified in a number of ways.
On the basis of purpose
On the basis of origin and Destination
On the basis of country- wise discrimination

5. 1. On the basis of Purpose Tariffs are used for two different purpose
Revenue Tariffs: Revenue tariffs are meant to provide revenue to the state. Revenue duties levied on luxury consumer goods.
Protective Tariffs: protective tariffs are meant
“ to maintain and encourage those of home industry protected by duties”.
Now a days government levy import duties with the principal objective of discouraging imports in order to encourage domestic production of protected industry.

6. 2. On the basis of origin and Destination
Ad Valorem duty: It is levied as a percentage of the total value of the imported common duty. The import duty is a fixed percentage of the c.i.f ( cost, insurance and freight) value of the commodity. It may be 10%, 20% etc.
Specific duty: specific duty are levied per physical unit of the imported commodity, as Afs X per TV, as cloth per meter, as oil per liter etc.

7. 3. Compound duty: Often government levy compound duties which are a combination of the ad valorem and the specific duties. For instance a country may impose an import duty on a car at the fixed rate of 1 lake afs + 10% on the price of car.

8. On the basis of country-wise discrimination
Single column tariffs: When a uniform rate of duty is imposed on all similar commodities irrespective of the country from which they are imported is called single column tariffs. It is non discriminatory tariffs which is very simple and easy to design and administer. But it is not elastic and adequate. Much revenue may not be collected by this system.

9. 2. Double column tariffs: Under this system, two different rates of duty exist for all or some of the commodities. It can be classified as under, I: General or conventional Tariffs: The general tariffs is the list of tariffs which is announced by the government as its annual tariffs policy at the beginning of the year. Conventional tariffs based on agreements with other countries. II: maximum and minimum Tariffs: Govt. usually fix rate two rates for importing the same commodity from different countries. Countries have good relation minimum rates are imposed like Pakistan and maximum tariffs rate is imposed on imports from the rest of the countries.

10. Effects of tariffs
1.Trade Effect: The impact of the tariff on the quantity of goods imported and sold in the domestic market. As demand would decline due to the tariff imports of the commodity would also decline

11. 2.Consumtion effect
Refers to the reduction in domestic consumption as a result of a Tariff imposed on an imported commodity. As the price of the commodity would increase as a result of the tariff its demand in the market of the importing country would decline

12. 3.Revenue Effect
The revenue collected by the government as a result of the imposition of the tariff on the imported commodity.

13. 4. Production Effect
The increase in domestic production of the commodity as a result of the tariff imposed on the imported commodity.

14. The Government Imposes a Tax/Tariff
We could describe this as a shift in the demand function. Or
We could think of this as an increase in the price of imports

15. Before Tariff Domestic Supply Price World Supply Domestic Demand
Quantity

16. After Tariff Domestic Supply Price World Supply with Tariff
Domestic Demand
Quantity

17. Who gains who loses? Domestic Supply Price Tariff World Supply
Domestic Demand
Quantity

18. Consumers lose this Domestic Supply Price Tariff World Supply
Domestic Demand
Quantity

19. Producers gain this Domestic Supply Price Tariff World Supply
Domestic Demand
Quantity

20. Government gains this much tax
Domestic Supply
Price
Tariff
World Supply
Domestic Demand
Quantity

21. Net the country loses Domestic Supply Price Tariff World Supply
Domestic Demand
Quantity

22. Key Words Taxes levied on imports (also sometimes on exports)
Specific tariff: fixed charge for each good imported
Ad valorem tariff: a % of imported goods value
Who gains:
Government
Domestic producers (at least in the short run)
Employees of protected industries keep their jobs
Who loses:
Consumers who pay higher prices
The economy which remains inefficient
Employees of protected industries who don’t develop new skills