1. Integrated Biorefinery Research for the Production of Biofuels and Bioenergy Benito Stradi Giovanna DeQueiroz Audubon Sugar Institute - April 17, 2007 -

2. Rising Biofuel Demand President Bush in his 2006 State of the Union address urged Americans to start using more renewable fuels as a way to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil By 2012, the U.S. oil industry will be required to use 7.5 billion gallons a year of renewable fuels--expected to be mostly ethanol By 2017, a cut by 20% is expected in gasoline consumption

3. U.S. producers can not yet make enough ethanol to meet demand – 4.9 billion gallons of ethanol were produced in 2006, while 5.5 billion gallons were consumed--Imports made up the difference Imports compete even with tariffs and quotas – Price per gallon of ethanol at > $ 2 – Ethanol from sugarcane costs about $1.75 per gallon imported (importers have their own incentives), including transportation and tariffs – Someone locally is making money hand- over-fist Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2007

4. The U.S. Department of Energy will invest as much as $385 million to develop an alternative to corn-based ethanol Six companies have been selected to produce a transportation fuel in commercial quantities at a cost of around $1 a gallon 1.NREL, Broin Co., DuPont Co. Enzymes, corncobs and corn stalks, at Emmetsburg, Iowa 2. Abengoa Bioenergy Enzymes, corn stalks and wheat straw, at Colwich, Kansas 3. Alico, Inc. Chemicals, orange peels and wood waste, at LaBelle, Florida 4. BlueFire Ethanol Inc. and Waste Management Inc. 5. Iogen Biorefinery Partners LLC, Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Royal Dutch Shell PLC 6. Range Fuels Inc. CAMBRIDGE, MA, March 28, 2007 - Celunol Corp., a leader in the development of cellulosic ethanol, announced today that it has been awarded up to $5.3 million by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for a research program aimed at developing further improvements to the company's cellulosic ethanol fermentation process technology. Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2007

5. Integration of The States Agriculture and Industry Via Bioenergy Production

6. Bagasse Sugarcane Taken to sugar millCane is cut Raw Sugar Waste (bagasse) A Local Source for Bioenergy and Biobased Products

7. Biorefinery Concept for the Production of Bioenergy and Biobased Products at the Audubon Sugar Institute

8. Figure 1. Sugarcane bagasse storage temperature and humidity monitor inside pile. Biomass Storage Co-Principal Investigator with Don Day Changes in composition with time ?

9. Figure 2. Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse. Six steps are involved 1) Bagasse treatment; 2) Washing and removal of inhibitors; 3) Removal of excess moisture by pressing the biomass; 4) Enzymatic saccharification of biomass material to release glucose; 5) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in a 20 liter volume fermentor; and 6) distillation of ethanol from fermentation broth. The center photograph is the system assembled prior to biomass recovery from pretreatment, the labels indicate the unit in which each operation takes place.

10. Pilot Plant Operation

11. Washing the Bagasse

12. Ethanol Yields 90-94 % of theoretical maximum 30 g of bagasse/100 g of total weight 70 g of ethanol/liter of fermentation broth

13. From Sugar to Bio-Fuels Testing the technology Figure 4. Acid Trans-Esterification of Soybean Oil and Ethanol.

14. Table 1. Conversion to ethyl esters from the mixture of ethanol and soybean oil. Testing the final product!

15. Glycerol Citric acid Skin grafts Propane Toluene (last week) Skin grafts Propane Toluene (last week) Cinnamic acid From Sugar to biofuels to biopolymers Co-principal investigator with Lee Madsen

16. Important to reach into new applications that can improve recovery from injury Genetic & Engineering News, 2006

17. Figure 5. Photopolimerization of matrix under UV Light. The surface of the matrices fluoresces with a green color as the [2+2] addition takes place. Figure 6. Biodegradation of Biomedical Composites. A: Yeast is not growing on the photopolymerized surface of the matrix, B: Yeast is growing on the non-photopolymerized matrix (arrow pointed to the growing yeast cells).

18. Bagasse Pyrolysis and Gasification Figure 8. Ignition of Syngas Stream. The syngas flame is coming out of the red cup where the syngas stream has been light using the wooden stick. Figure 7. Gasifier Schematic Representation.

19. Flow Profile of the Airflow During the Partial Oxidation of Sugarcane Bagasse in a Fixed-Bed Gasifier

20. Figure 9. Dr. Benito Stradi's Group at the Audubon Sugar Institute. From left to right, sitting at front, Dr. Giovanna DeQueiroz, Dr. Trichur Ramachandran, in the back in the same order Eng. Victor Bazan, M. Sc. John White, M. Sc. Joy Joshina, and Dr. Benito Stradi.

21. Acknowledgements U.S. Department of Energy American Sugarcane League Don Day Lee Madsen Chardcie Verret Julie King Ron Giroir Brian White Audubon Sugar Staff