1. The Rock and Fossil Record
Chapter 6
The Rock and Fossil Record

2. Basic Geology (Rock Cycle)
Uniformitarianism assumes that geologic change is gradual.
Catastrophism is based on the idea that geologic change is sudden.
Usually through some type
of major catastrophe.

3. Basic Geology (Rock Cycle)
Modern geology is based on the idea that gradual geologic change is interrupted by catastrophes.
AND

4. I’m A PA-LE-ON-TO-LO-GIST!
Using fossils to study past life is called paleontology.
A person who studies fossils is a paleontologist.

5. Let's Look at Fossils!

6. What is a Fossil?
Fossils are the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geologic processes.
Fossils can be preserved in:
Rock
Amber
Asphalt
Ice
By petrifaction

7. What About THIS stuff?
Trace fossils are any naturally preserved evidence of animal activity.
Examples:
Tracks
Burrows
Coprolites (Scat)

8. How Do We Use Fossils?
Scientists study fossils to determine how environments and organisms have changed over time.

9. How Do We Use Fossils? To date rock!
An index fossil is a fossil of an organism that lived during relatively short, well-defined time span.
Ex. Ammonites and Trilobites
Index fossils can be used to establish the age of rock layers (because we know when the creatures lived). 

10. Relative Dating: What Came First?

11. HOW OLD IS IT?!?!
Geologists use relative dating to determine the order in which events happen.
The principle of superposition states in undisturbed rock sequences, younger layers lie above older layers.
But there are…….problems.

12. Problems with Relative Dating….
Rock layers aren’t always perfect because the Earth’s crust is always moving.
Folding and tilting (DEFORMATION!) are 2 events that disturb rock layers.
Faults (think earthquake) and intrusions (igneous rock) are 2 features that disturb rock layers.

13. But Who Cares? Paleontologists do!
The known rock and fossil record is indicated by the geologic column.
Geologists examine the relationships between rock layers and the structures that cut across them in order to determine relative ages.

14. Is There a Better Way? Absolute Dating: An ABSOLUTE Measure of Time

15. The ABSOLUTE measure
During radioactive decay, and unstable isotope decays at a constant rate and becomes stable.
All living things have special atoms that decay (break down) at a pretty well-determined rate.
Radiometric dating is used to determine the absolute age of a sample.

16. Different elements decay into different things….for example…
Methods are radiometric dating:
Potassium- argon dating
Uranium-lead dating
Carbon-14 dating

17. Measuring Time in Rocks and Fossils

18. A Timeline for the Earth's Rocks
The geologic time scale divides Earth’s 4.6 billion year history into distinct intervals of time.
Divisions of geologic time (from largest to smallest) include:
Eon
Era
Period
Epoch

19. A Timeline for the Earth's Rocks
The boundaries between geologic time intervals represent visible changes that have taken place on Earth.
The rock and fossil records represents mainly the Phanerozioc eon, which is the eon in which we live.

20. A Timeline for the Earth's Rocks
At certain times in Earth’s history, the number of life-forms has increased or decreased dramatically.