1. CAUSES -B-British ideas for machines spread to the U.S. -D-Due to the War of 1812, the U.S. was forced to manufacture its own goods. -T-The steam engine was created

2. Created thousands of jobs Stimulated steel and lumber industries Helped the US expand Cities grew New businesses Transportation and Trade

3. Standard 5.1 The factory system spread throughout the northeastern U.S. Industry rose to prominence More jobs were available for people in the cities. New technology improved transportation, trade, and the manufacturing of goods.

4. Undersold competitors & drove them out of business Produced ¼ of the nations steel Paid workers low wages Forced the RR to ship steel cheaply Vertical Integration: owning the business in each step of the manufacturing process

5. Standard 5.2 Keys to economic growth –Land –Labor –Capital –Technology –Entrepreneurship ****Govt is key in all of this

6. For ex. Govt influenced westward expansion Native American protection Broke up strikes when unions formed Tariffs were raised to protect from foreign competition. Promoted expansion of international trade

7. Move from Agrarian to industrial economy oEffects of mechanized farming --produced abundance of crops…drove down prices because supply higher than demand. --caused economic problems for farmers. oRole of American farmers facing economic problems --so formed Grange (political group to help struggling farmers) --Granger Laws helped regulate prices from railroad to ship goods. --Deflation (value of dollar decreases) hurt farmers, less money available to spend. --they would lose equipment, etc. and move to cities for jobs.

8. Move from Agrarian to industrial economy oRise of Populist movement (movement of the people, supported farmers) --1890s support of regulation of railroads and the free and unlimited coinage of silver. --for things like election of Senators, federal farm loans. --elected Senators to help with ideas. --1896 electionBig Business vs. Farmers/Laborers- Republicans voted for McKinley b/c of fear of losing job. Jennings Bryan was running against him. People feared inflation too b/c it would drive up prices of food. --election ended the populism movement. oPopulist helped Jim Crow Laws pass. Conservative southerners feared the united political movement of southern whites/blacks.

9. Came about b/c of race/ethnicity issues, that included prejudices against labor organizations. (that included race and immigration prejudices) Working conditions and breakdown of work force brought this labor union movement. Supply of unskilled workers was higher than demand. Hurt effectiveness of labor union. Pursuit of profit made a skilled craftsmen not a big deal anymore. Working conditions were unsafe and men, women and children all had to work.

10. Labor unions didnt have a lot of success b/c of supply of people who needed work…and govt made people not strike, would arrest them. Unskilled workers brought about problems because of background differences on issues like gender and race. AFL (American Federation of Labor) was one effective union b/c it was made up of skilled workers. Public view of labor unions at end of 19 th century was that they were violent so that hurt their ability to be successful.

11. Cities were first trade centers, then transportation hubs, then industrial production. Where economy boomed, cities emerged. As cotton/farming went down, African Americans moved to cities for jobs. Still most people lived outside cities prior to 1920s Womens suffrage (vote) intensified. Wyoming first state to allow. Movement west had greater impact on this. 19 th amendment- womens right to vote passed in 1920

12. Came for job opportunities but many times they were too poor to leave port cities. Immigrants voted for those politically who helped them find jobs even if they were corrupt. For ex. Boss Tweed in New York Nativism-favoring native born over foreign born. After Civil War, Westerners hated Chinese workers (railroad builders) so Chinese immigration was restricted. Unskilled laborers didnt like Europeans coming to take jobs. Union members didnt like it b/c many immigrants were hired as scabs (strike breakers) Jane Addams helped with immigrants through settlement houses- taught classes and helped them culturally.