1. Introduction to Statistics for the Social Sciences SBS200 - Lecture Section 001, Fall 2018 Room 150 Harvill Building 10: :50 Mondays, Wednesdays & Fridays.
Welcome

2. Even if you have not yet registered your clicker you can still participate..
The
Green
Sheets

3. Lab sessions No Labs this week Everyone will want to be enrolled
in one of the lab sessions
No Labs
this week

4. Schedule of readings Before next exam (September 21)
Please read chapters in OpenStax textbook
Please read Appendix D, E & F online On syllabus this is referred to as online readings 1, 2 & 3
Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous
Chapter 1: Selective Perception
Chapter 5: Plasticity
Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing
Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

7. Let’s try one
A study explored whether conservatives or liberals had more bumper stickers on their cars. The researchers ask 100 activists to complete a conservative/liberal values test, then used those results to categorize them as liberal or conservative. Then they identified the 30 most conservative activists and the 30 most liberal activists and measured how many bumper stickers each activist had on their car. The independent variable in this study was
a. the performance of the activists
b. the number of bumper stickers found on their car
c. political status of participant (liberal versus conservative) as determined by their performance on the liberal/conservative test
d. whether or not the subjects had bumper stickers on their car

8. Let’s try one
A study explored whether conservatives or liberals had more bumper stickers on their cars. The researchers asked 100 activists to complete a conservative/liberal values test, then used those results to categorize them as liberal or conservative. Then they identified the 30 most conservative activists and the 30 most liberal activists and measured how many bumper stickers each activist had on their car. The dependent variable in this study was
a. the performance of the activists
b. the number of bumper stickers found on their car
c. political status of participant (liberal versus conservative) as determined by their performance on the liberal/conservative test
d. whether or not the subjects had bumper stickers on their car

9. Let’s try one
A study explored whether conservatives or liberals had more bumper stickers on their cars. The researchers 100 activists to complete a conservative/liberal values test, then used those results to categorize them as liberal or conservative. Then they identified the 30 most conservative activists and the 30 most liberal activists and measured how many bumper stickers each activist had on their car. This study was a
a. within participant experiment
b. between participant experiment
c. mixed participant experiment
d. non-participant experiment

10. Let’s try one
A study explored whether conservatives or liberals had more bumper stickers on their cars. They had 100 activists complete liberal/conservative test. Then, they split the 100 activists into 2 groups (conservatives and liberals). They then measured how many bumper stickers each activist had on their car. This study used a
a. true experimental design
b. quasi-experiment design
c. correlational design
d. mixed design

12. Number of bags of peanuts sold.
Class standing 4
Quasi
Level of sales
Between
Classification based
on units earned
Number of bags of peanuts sold

13. Type of program 2
True
Body transformation
Between
Type of program = type of diet
(regular versus programmatic diet)
Body transformation = number of pounds lost

14. Driving choice = route taken
Homework review
Type of route 3
driving efficiency
Within
Driving efficiency =
travel time (measured in minutes)
Driving choice = route taken

15. Homework review

16. Notice that the operational definition of each construct matters
Homework review

17. gender 2 quasi salary between nominal ratio Homework review
Created by Suzanne Delaney
salary
between
nominal
ratio

18. Name of City 3 Quasi- experiment Temperature Between Nominal Interval
Created by Suzanne Delaney

19. Must be complete and must be stapled
Homework review
Must be complete and must be stapled

20. Time series versus cross-sectional comparisons:
Trends over time versus a snapshot comparison
Time series design: Each observation represents a measurement
at some point in time. Repeated measurements allow us to see
trends.
Cross-sectional design: Each observation represents a
measurement at some point in time. Comparing across groups
allows us to see differences.
Traffic accidents
Please note: Any one piece of data can often (not always) be used in either a time series comparison or a cross-sectional comparison. It depends how you set up your question.
Does Tucson or Albuquerque have more traffic accidents (they have similar population sizes)?
Does Tucson have more traffic accidents as the year
ends and winter approaches?

21. Time series versus cross-sectional comparisons:
Trends over time versus a snapshot comparison
Time series design: Each observation represents a measurement
at some point in time. Repeated measurements allow us to see
trends.
Cross-sectional design: Each observation represents a measurement at
some point in time. Comparing across groups allows us to see differences.
Unemployment rate
Is there an increase in workers calling in sick as the summer months approach?
Do more young workers call in sick than older workers?
Grade point average (GPA)
Does GPA tend to go up or down as students move from freshman to sophomores to juniors to seniors?
Does GPA tend to go up or down when you compare Mr. Chen’s class with Mr. Frank’s Freshman English classes?

22. Sample versus population (census)
How is a census different from a sample?
Census measures each person in the specific population
Sample measures a subset of the population and infers
about the population – representative sample is good
What’s better?

23. Population (census) versus sample Parameter versus statistic
Parameter – Measurement or characteristic of the population
Usually unknown (only estimated)
Usually represented by Greek letters (µ)
pronounced “mew”
pronounced “mu”
Statistic – Numerical value calculated from a sample
Usually represented by Roman letters (x)
pronounced “x bar”

24. Descriptive or inferential?
To determine this we have to consider the
methodologies used in collecting the data
Descriptive or inferential?
Descriptive statistics - organizing and summarizing data
Inferential statistics - generalizing beyond actual observations
making “inferences” based on data collected
What is the average height of the basketball team?
Measured all of the players and reported the average height
Measured only a sample of the players and reported the average height for team
In this class, percentage of students who support the death penalty?
Measured all of the students in class and reported percentage who said “yes”
Measured only a sample of the students in class and reported percentage who said “yes”
Based on the data collected from the students in this class we can
conclude that 60% of the students at this university support the death penalty
Measured all of the students in class and reported percentage who said “yes”

25. Descriptive or inferential?
Descriptive statistics - organizing and summarizing data
Inferential statistics - generalizing beyond actual observations
making “inferences” based on data collected
Men are in general taller than women
Measured all of the citizens of Arizona and reported heights
Shoe size is not a good predictor of intelligence
Measured all of the shoe sizes and IQ of students of 20 universities
Blondes have more fun
Asked 500 actresses to complete a happiness survey
The average age of students at the U of A is 21
Asked all students in the fraternities and sororities their age

26. So far,
Measurement: observable actions
Theoretical constructs: concepts (like “humor” or “satisfaction”)
Operational definitions
Validity and reliability
Independent and dependent variable
Random assignment and Random sampling
Within-participant and between-participant design
Single blind (placebo) and double blind procedures

27. So far,
Continuous vs Discrete variables
Quantitative vs qualitative variables
Levels of measurement:
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
Population (census) versus sample
Parameter versus statistic
Descriptive or inferential
Time series versus cross-sectional comparisons

28. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz
Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds.
Please answer the following questions
1. What is the independent variable?
2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
4. What is the dependent variable?
5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
7. Is this a quasi or true experiment?
8. Is this a within or between participant design
9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment?
10. Be sure to put your name and CID on this page

29. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz
Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds.
Running versus standing still
Please answer the following questions
1. What is the independent variable?
2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
4. What is the dependent variable?
5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
7. Is this a quasi or true experiment?
8. Is this a within or between participant design
9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment?
10. Be sure to put your name and CID on this page
Discrete
Distance that the seed was spit
Nominal
Continuous
True Experiment
Ratio
Between
Not at all

30. Thank you!
See you next time!!