1. Organic Chemistry

2. Key Ideas
1.2 h – Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life.
2.1i – The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in tern determines its function.

3. Key Ideas
5.1c - In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes.
5.1f - Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by internal environmental factors such as pH and temperature.
5.1g – Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules.

4. Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds – A compound containing Carbon and Hydrogen
The most common elements in living things are:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
All organic compounds contain CARBON & HYDROGEN
Common Organic Compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

5. Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H)
Organic or Inorganic???
Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H)
Inorganic
Inorganic
H2O 
C6H12O6 
CO2 
NaCl 
CH4 
C12H22O11 
ClO2 
C10H14N2 
HCl 
NaOH 
C18H12 
C9H13NO 
Organic
Organic
Inorganic
Inorganic
Inorganic
Inorganic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic

6. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates – Serves as a source of cellular energy (Supply Energy!!)
Each composed of Simple Sugars (Building Block)
Often the name end in –ose
Ex: Glucose, Sucrose
Energy is released in presence of oxygen by breaking the sugars down into carbon dioxide and water
Enzymes may break down starches and complex sugars into simple sugars

7. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule
Disaccaride – 2 sugars bonded together
Polysaccaride – 3 or more sugars bonded together
Polymers – large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units

8. Types of Carbohydrates
Mono = 1
Di = 2
Poly = 3 or more

9. Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules
Dehydration = removing water
Synthesis = putting together (combine)
Catalyzed by enzymes (speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction)
Simple molecules combine to form a Complex molecule
Dehydration Synthesis Video
USE MODELS!! MAKE A MINI DEMO Video – Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis model -

10. Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis – A water molecule reacts with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars (SPLIT)
Complex molecule splits to form Simple molecules
Caused by enzymes
Opposite of dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis of Sucrose Video

11. Lipids Lipids – fats, oils and waxes Serves as a stored energy supply
Building block = fatty acids (a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached)

12. Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with single carbon to carbon bonds
Ex. Cholestoral (essential compound found in animal tissue)
Unsaturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with double or triple carbon to carbon bonds

13. Proteins Proteins – used to build and run an organism’s body
Amino Acids – structural units of proteins; only 20 different types
Sequence of amino acids = Protein
Peptide Bonds – bond between two amino acids; bonded by dehydration synthesis
It is the shape of the protein and how they fit together with other molecules that determines what proteins can do
Shape = Function

14. Jobs of Proteins
Enzymes – protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells
Receptor molecules – located on cell membrane and used to receive chemical messages
Antibodies – proteins in the blood that bind to help destroy foreign substances in the body
Hormones – secretions of the endocrine glands

15. Enzymes
Enzymes - protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells
Catalyst – a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed
Substrate – substance that an enzyme acts upon
Active Site – location where the actual reaction takes place
Lock and Key Model – one type of enzyme fits only one type of substrate (molecule).
If the shape of the protein is changed, the protein will no longer be able to function
How Enzymes Work Video -

16. Factors affecting Enzymes
Small amounts of an enzyme can cause the reaction of large quantities of substrate
Very high temperatures cause proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so that they no longer work properly. This is why high fevers are dangerous.
Each enzymes work best at a certain pH
Rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the concentrations of the enzyme and substrate
All can cause denaturation (process in which three-dimensional active site on the protein no longer fits the active site of the substrate)
Enzyme Lab – What factors affect enzyme activity? Video -

17. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid – hereditary material that is passed on from one generation to the next during reproduction; directs and controls the development and activities of all cells
Contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphorous group and a nitrogen base
Kinds of Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

18. Nucleic Acid

19. Structure of DNA & RNA RNA – a single stranded chain of nucleotides
DNA – a double stranded chain of nucleotides that resembles the shape of a twisted ladder
Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine( C) and Guanine (G)
Base Pairing :
A - T
C - G
RNA – a single stranded chain of nucleotides
Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C ) and Guanine (G)
Base Pairing:
A – U
C - G