1. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur14
The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

2. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
The Mongol Drive to the West
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

3. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges

4. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
Mongol Culture
Nomadic pastoralists
Goats, sheep
Tribe
Divided into clans
Temporary confederations
Leaders elected

5. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

6. The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan
Kabul Khan
1100s, defeats Qin forces
Grandson, Temujin
Chinggis Khan
Born Temujin
Develops alliances among Mongols
1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)

7. Building the Mongol War Machine
Mounted warriors
Tumens,10,000 troops
Messenger force
Adopted gunpowder, cannons

8. Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan
1207, expedition
China
Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

9. First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China
Kara Khitai defeated
Mongolian
Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated
Return to China
Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed
1227, death of Chinggis Khan
Empire from Persia to North China Sea

10. Life Under the Mongol Imperium
Harsh, tolerant
Chinggis Khan
Capital at Karakorum
Shamanistic
Tolerated other religions
New administration
Commerce thrives

11. The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire
1227, division of empire
Three sons, one grandson
Ogedei, third son
Elected great khan

12. The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

13. The Mongol Drive to the West
Golden Horde
Khan's tent
Russia in the 1200s
Many kingdoms
Mongols (Tartars) invade

14. The Mongol Drive to the West
Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan
1236, begins conquest of Russia
1240, Kiev taken and sacked
Novgorod spared

15. The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network

16. Russia in Bondage Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde
Commerce benefits
Moscow thrives
Metropolitan head of Orthodox church
Leads Russian resistance to Mongol
Kulikova, 1380
Golden Horde defeated

17. Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe
Hungary, 1240
Death of Ogedei
Batu retreats

18. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands
Hulegu
Grandson of Chinggis Khan
Ilkhan
West to Mesopotamia, north Africa
1258, Baghdad sacked
1260, stopped by Baibars
Egyptian Mamluks

19. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
Ogedei renews attack on China
Kubilai Khan
Grandson of Chinggis Khan
Attacks Song
1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty
Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

20. Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture
Mongol women retain liberties
Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential

21. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence
Mongol patronage
Attracts scholars, artists
Religious toleration
Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims
Marco Polo
Visits court

22. Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance
Ethnic Chinese resist
Especially scholar-gentry
Kubilai
Protects peasant lands
Famine relief
Tax, labor burden lessened

23. The Fall of the House of Yuan
Death of Kubilai
Dynasty already weakened
Song revolt
1274, 1280, Japan attacked
Failure
By 1350s, territory lost
Ju Yanzhang
Founds Ming dynasty

24. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur
Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)
Turkish
Base at Samarkand
1360s, conquests
Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia

25. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
1405, death
Empire dissolves
End of steppe nomad conquests

26. Global Connections: The Mongol Linkages
Legacy of the Mongol imperium
Negative consequences
New military technology, skills
Trade
Much greater exchange
Traders grow in wealth and sometimes status
China opened to western influence
Plague?