1. Chapter 15

3. Push / Pull Factors Religious persecution
Rising population
Radical political movements
Poor economic times
The belief was that jobs were plentiful in America
Laws protected liberty and freedom for white Americans

4. Ellis Island and Angel Island
Ellis Island: off the coast of Manhattan; processed up to 6,500 immigrants a day during the late 1800s.
Angel Island: an immigrant processing island off the coast of San Francisco; processed about 50,000 Asian immigrants between 1910 – 1940.

5. Melting Pot
The combination of many cultures during this time of immigration - a uniquely American thing. 5

6. Immigration Restriction
The Gentlemen’s Agreement: An agreement between the US and Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in which the Japanese agreed to withhold passports from laborers intending to migrate to the US and the US agreed not to FORMALLY limit Japanese immigration. Only educated or skilled Japanese could immigrate to the US.
The Chinese Exclusion Act: a ten year period of limitation on Chinese immigrants to 105 per year, and was strengthened in 1884 with additional provisions that limited the ability of any person of Chinese descent - regardless of their country of birth - to freely leave and enter the United States.  The law also gave evidence of white Americans' economic concerns because it specifically targeted Chinese laborers, blocking them from entering American ports.  When the law was due to expire in 1892, it was revived for another ten years under what was known as the Geary Act, which barred Chinese from testifying in court, and also required all Chinese to carry resident passports, with the harsh penalty of deportation enacted if they were found without them - at any time.  The Geary Act was renewed in 1902 with no terminal date attached. It lasted for 41 years. 6

7. Urban Problems
Mass transit: needed to get people from one part of the city to another – trains, trolleys, and metro systems
Tenements: poor housing that were overcrowded and unsanitary
Sanitation: Sewers and plumbing had to be created to keep up with the exploding populations in cities
Crime increased
Fires and other natural disasters destroyed whole sections of cities overnight

8. Urbanization Growth of cities
Occurred mostly in the Northeast and Midwest at the turn of the century
As well as immigrants, American farmers were moving to cities in large numbers

9. The Social Gospel Movement
Preached salvation through service to the poor
Helped the urban poor / established settlement houses
Mostly middle-class,
college-educated women

10. Jane Addams and Hull House
Progressives, like Jane Addams, started settlement houses
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago where the mission was to “Aid in the solutions of life in a great city, to help our neighbors build responsible, self-sufficient lives for themselves and their families.” ~Jane Addams
Offered book readings, kindergarten, nursery school, teen boys club, sewing and cooking classes, lectures from local professors, art classes, culture nights, and other programs.
It soon became clear that the object of the settlement program should be to "help the foreign-born conserve and keep whatever of value their past life contained and to bring them into contact with a better class of Americans." ~Jane Addams

11. Hull House circa 1930

12. Hull House Nursery, 1890s

13. Hull House, 1900

14. Hull House Library 14

15. Americanization Movement
The attempt to help or force immigrants to assimilate into American culture and society
Public schools
Cooking, sewing, etiquette, and hygiene
Many immigrants resisted this and wanted to hold on to their cultures

16. Nativism
Overt favoritism toward native-born Americans

17. 15-3 in “Americans”

18. Gilded Age Late 1800s-early 1900s
Large groups of people move to cities (urbanization) and the city governments cannot keep up with population growth
Political Machines rise and take care of the large populations of new people

19. Political Machines Ward Bosses Citizens
Groups of politicians who gained control of cities by offering services to voters in return for votes or financial support
They were structured like pyramids:
City Officials
Ward Bosses
Citizens

20. Corruption in Machines
Many leaders in political machines were corrupt – they took money for social services but also for themselves
Graft: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Favors, bribes, and kickbacks

21. Boss Tweed William M. Tweed Head of Tammany Hall in NYC
Powerful Democratic Machine between
Led the Tweed Ring: group of corrupt politicians in NY
Used Patronage: gave gov’t jobs to people who helped him get elected

22. New York County Courthouse
Cost $3 million to build
Charged taxpayers $13 million
The Tweed Ring and builders shared the $10 million
The share that went to the builders was a “kickback”
“Extortion” is the illegal use of one’s official position to obtain property or funds

23. A Cartoonist that brought Tweed’s actions to the public through his artwork in the newspapers.

25. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
People did not agree with the practice of patronage
Civil Service jobs were created and given to the people who were most qualified to do them

26. Government Job Reform
Several Presidents made rules about local government workers
Hayes: investigated corruption in NYC’s custom house and fired workers
Garfield: strongly supported reforms and was killed by a member of the opposite party for his views

27. America after Garfield
Garfield was killed by someone who called himself a Stalwart: people who wanted to keep things the same as it had been
Garfield’s VP (Arthur) was a Stalwart before Garfield was killed but when he became president he changed his stance
He had congress pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

28. Pendleton Civil Service Act
People who wanted a Civil Service job (a job who is paid with taxpayer money) had to pass an exam
Made politics more honest and efficient
Forced politicians to look elsewhere for campaign funds

29. Political Unrest
Democrat Grover Cleveland won the election of 1884 and wanted to lower taxes but Congress would not let him
Benjamin Harrison won the election of 1888 (with more electoral votes but less popular vote) and passed the McKinley Tariff Act which raised taxes to their highest point

30. More Politics
1892: Cleveland was elected again (only one to serve 2 non-consecutive terms as President)
He was unable to lower taxes
1896: William McKinley became President and he raised taxes again

31. Trends in Politics Government became much bigger and costly
Government became more honest and efficient
Taxes went up

32. Presidents Washington Harrison Adams Tyler Jefferson Polk Madison
Monroe
Q. Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Harrison
Tyler
Polk
Taylor
Fillmore
Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln

33. Presidents Continued Johnson McKinley Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur
Cleveland
B. Harrison
McKinley