1. Industrial Revolution

2. Why England?
Agricultural Revolution - increased food production = lower prices = greater purchase power
Geo Factors - island nation combined w/ canal building of 1770s - move goods
Geo Factors - large deposits of coal and iron - important raw materials for IR

3. Why England?
Economic - supply of capital - effective central bank and well developed credit markets
Economic - Entrepreneurs - a new middle class willing to risk capital

4. Why England?
Political - stable government w/ limited economic controls
Political - enclosure movement had created a labor force willing to move to urban areas

5. Why England?
Had the markets - expanding Atlantic economy - trade w/ Americas

6. Cotton Textiles
Cottage Industry/Domestic System/Putting Out System - becoming inefficient
Kay - flying shuttle
Hargreaves - spinning jenny
Arkwright - water frame
Crompton - spinning mule
Cartwright - power loom

7. Steam…the game changer
1760s James Watt and steam engine
Location not dependant on rivers
1787 Britain imported 22 million pounds of cotton million
Steam engine combined w perfection of iron = railroads that transformed transportation

8. Watt’s steam engine
Steam tractor

9. Initial Effects of IR No more commando for lower class
Wages of weavers went up
Threat to handcraft workers
Early factories resembled poor houses - thus child labor

10. Initial Effects cont.
Railroad - iron and coal complimented to expand both industries
New labor class willing to move
Cheaper faster goods - more markets - reinvest capital - self perpetuating
Change to daily life - cottage to factory whistle

11. Impact of Railroads

12. Continent after 1815
Great Britain would lead the way up til WWI when finally U.S. and Germany passed
Continent had been consumed by French Rev and Napoleon
No free trade - tariffs & toll stations on rivers drove prices up
Not as willing as Brits to risk capital (conservatism)

13. The continent takes a different path:
1) “borrowed” techniques & practices from British
John Cockerill - Belgium
Fritz Harkort - Germany
2) Gov influence - tariffs
France - high tariffs
Germany - Zollverein - tariff union
3) Join-Stock Banks - Credit Mobilier in France

14. Social Implications 1) Urbanization
2) Struggle between labor & capital
3) Working conditions
4) Economics: the “dismal science”
5) Liberal reforms for workers
6) rise in standard of living

15. Urbanization 50% of Brits livied in cities by 1850
Miserable conditions - sanitation chief concern
Edwin Chadwick - reformer outlining probs
1848 Public Health Act

16. Labor v. Capital
New group of factory owners and ind capitalists increase wealth of middle class
New social relations - economic classes
Haves and have-nots (proletariat)
Marx - “class consciousness”

17. Working Conditions Unsafe, long hours (12 hr shifts)
Sexual division of labor (less jobs women/paid less)
Woman’s biological clock
Balance work with running a home
“patriarchal tradition”

18. “Dismal Science” Modern Capitalism - Adam Smith & Invisible Hand
Thomas Malthus - pop will outpace food supply to be checked by natural forces - poor should have less kids
David Ricardo - “Iron Law of Wages”
When wages are high, workers have more kids
More children create a labor surplus that depress wages

19. Liberal Reforms
Robert Owen attempted unsuccessfully to organize a nationalized trade union
Luddites - skilled craftspeople that attacked and damaged machines
Chartism - organized workers in Britain demanding universal male suffrage 1840s

20. Liberal Reforms
Factory Act of hr day kids 9-13, 12 hrs kids 13-18
Ten Hours Act = 10 hrs and women included

21. Rise in Standard of Living?
No doubt early years tough for workers
How do we quantify? Wages, employment, purchasing power
Real wages increase after 1820
No good stats on unemployment
Av person earned/consumed 50% more in than 1770
Real winners = middle class