1. Chapter 17. Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land
2017 Biology2
Chapter 17. Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land

2. Choleochaete
Charophyte(차축조류, green algae의 일종)  plants

3. 17.1 Plants have adaptations for life on land
Plants are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that is adapted to the terrestrial life
Terrestrial adaptation of plants
Root + shoot system
Cuticle layer, stoma  prevent dehydration
Lignin
Vascular system
Gametangium (gametangia), pollen grain, ovule: a protective structure where gametes can develop without dehydrating
Seed: a protective structure containing a plant embryo and a food supply

5. Plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans
PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
Plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans
Molecular studies indicate that green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of plants
Coleochaete
Chara

6. 17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom
Chaerophyte
Bryophyte
Lycophyte
Pterophyte (Fern)
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Apical meristem
Gametangium
Dependent embyo
Vascular
system
Plant
Naked
Seed
Pollen grain
Seed enclosed
by fruit
Flower
Pollen grain

8. Bryophytes: e.g., moss Two terrestrial adaptations
- Waxy cuticle layer
-Gametangium: dependent embryo
Figure 17.3B

9. Sperms are flagellated: water is required for reproduction
No vascular tissue
No lignin-hardened cell wall
Spore: a haploid cell that can develop into a haploid multicellular adult without fusing with another cell

11. Gametophytes (male and female) n Gametes (sperm and eggs) n
HAPLOID
Meiosis
Spores n
Mitosis
Gametophytes (male and female) n
Gametes (sperm and eggs) n
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
DIPLOID
Sporophyte 2n

12. Lycophte, Pterophyte (fern)
Bryophyte의 특징 + vascular tissue
Sperms are flagellated
Seedless vascular plant

13. Ferns are seedless plants whose flagellated sperm require moisture to reach the egg
Figure 17.3C

15. A major step in plant evolution was the appearance of seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
These vascular plants have pollen grains for transporting sperm
They also protect their embryos in seeds

16. Gymnosperms (naked seed plants)
Conifers: pine, fir, spruce
Nearly all conifers are evergreens
Needle-shaped leaves (adaptation to survive dry, cool seasons)
The sporophyte (2n) is the dominant generation

17. 소철류 마황

19. Immature
ovulate cone
Seed
coat
Female
gametophyte (n)
Integument (2n)
Spore wall
Spore
wall
Egg nucleus
(n)
Megaspore (n)
Discharged
sperm nucleus
(n)
Megasporangium
(2n)
Food
supply (n)
Pollen tube
Male gametophyte (n)
Embryo (2n)
Micropyle
Pollen grain (n)
(a) Unfertilized ovule
(b) Fertilized ovule
(c) Gymnosperm seed

20. 17.3 Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS AND PLANT LIFE CYCLES
17.3 Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles
The haploid gametophyte produces eggs and sperm by mitosis
The eggs and sperm unite, and the zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte
Meiosis in the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which grow into gametophytes

21. Gametophytes (male and female) n Gametes (sperm and eggs) n
HAPLOID
Meiosis
Spores n
Mitosis
Gametophytes (male and female) n
Gametes (sperm and eggs) n
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
DIPLOID
Sporophyte 2n
Figure 17.4

22. 17.6 Seedless plants dominated vast “coal forests”
Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated ancient forests
Their remains formed coal

23. 17.14 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies
Plants probably moved onto land along with mycorrhizal fungi (symbiosis)
Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their body
 chemoheterotroph, decomposer
Fungi belong to the kingdom fungi
Secretion of digestive enzymes
food
absorption

24. Unicellular fungi: yeast
Multicellular fungi: molds and mushrooms
Most fungi have the cell wall made of chitin
Mold: rapid growing mycelium-forming fungus that reproduces sexually and asexually by producing spores

25. A fungus usually consists of a mass of threadlike hyphae (singular, hypha)
This forms a network called a mycelium (mycelia)
Hypha
Mycelium

26. Most fungi cannot move
But they grow around and through their food very rapidly

27. 17.15 Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles
Yeast: reproduction by budding or cell division
Mushrooms and many other fungi
Three-phase life cycle
Haploid phase
Diploid phase
Heterokaryotic (dikaryotic) phase

28. Imperfect fungi (deuteromycetes): fungi that produce offsprings only by asexual reproduction, yeasts and some molds

29. 17.16 Fungi can be classified into five groups
병꼴균류
Fragellated spores
접합균류
내생균근균류
자낭균류
담자균류

30. Fungal groups include
Chytrids (병꼴균류)
Fungi with flagellated spores
The earliest lineage of fungi

31. Zygomycetes (접합균류)
Zygosporangium
Black bread mold

32. Flagellum Figure 31.13 PLASMOGAMY Mating type ()
Gametangia with haploid nuclei
Mating type ()
Rhizopus growing on bread
100 m
Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Dispersal and germination
Zygosporangium
Flagellum
KARYOGAMY
Sporangia
Diploid nuclei
Sporangium
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
Key
Dispersal and germination
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n  n)
Mycelium
50 m
Diploid (2n)

33. -Glomeromycetes (내생균근균류) Formation of mycorrhiza with plant roots
arbuscule

34. Ascomycetes (sac fungi) (자낭균류)
Sac-like structure called ascus that produces spores in sexual reproduction
ascus

35. Basidiomycetes (담자균류)
Club-shaped, spore-producing structure, called basidium: mushrooms
Figure 17.17E

36. Terminal cells

37. Lichens are associations of green algae or cyanobacteria with fungi
Lichens consist of fungi living in close association with photosynthetic organisms
Lichens are associations of green algae or cyanobacteria with fungi
food
Algae Fungi
Minerals and water

38. Lichens survive in hostile environments
Lichens are very sensitive to air-borne pollutants