1. Giardia Duodenalis
Ashley Tharayil

2. Domain-- Eukarya Single or multi cellular organisms
Have nuclei and sub divisions inside cell

3. Kingdom--Protista
Most are one cell

4. Phylum--Protozoa
Chiefly motile
heterotrophic

5. Class--Sacromastigophora
“mastigo”— “whip or flagella”
“phor”– “carry or bear”

6. Order--Diplomonadida
“Di” “Diplo”– “two”
Bilaterally symmetrical
Two nuclei

7. Have six or eight flagella
Family--Hexamitidae
“Hexa”— “six”
Have six or eight flagella

8. Giardia duodenalis Domain--Eukarya Kingdom- Protista Phylum- Protozoa Class: Sarcomastigophora Order: Diplomonadida Family: Hexamitidae Genus: Giardia Species: duodenale

9. Introduction Commonly transmitted through impure water sources
Gives rise to serious diarrhea “Giardiosis”
Also, called “back packers diarrhea” and “beaver fever”

10. Hosts Early experiments suggested narrow host range…
Then in 1970, cross transmission between Russian workers and dogs..
Now,known to naturally infect—humans, cats, dogs, beaver, coyote and cattle and can experimentally infect a number of species of rodents and other mammals.

11. Morphology I. General description: Two nuclei Flagellated protozoa
II. Adult parasite— “Trophozoite”
“feeding stage”
measures about 18 um long X um wide. It has6- 8 flagella and the ventral side is modified as a sucking disk

12. Morphology.. contin III. Cyst Stage Inactive stage
The cysts average about 13 µm in length, are oval, and also contain two nuclei like the trophozoites.

14. Life Cycle Cysts released through feces
Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water, food, or by the fecal-oral route
In the small intestine, excystation releases trophozoites (each cyst produces two trophozoites)
Trophozoites multiply by binary fission
Encystation occurs as the parasites transit toward the colon. 

16. Where is it found? Anywhere with poor water sanitation
All over the world.. Particularly in regions w/ warm climates
Estimate 7% of North America is infested
The most common flagellate of the human digestive tract.
Most common waterborne illness in United States  (100,000 to 1 million infections annually)

17. Aspen spring, Colorado
Old sewer pipes leaked sewage into a well serving one part of the town.
At least 25 people suffered from Giardiosis.

18. Symptoms.. Onset.. etc Onset delayed 5-25 days after exposure
Diarrhea illness persists 1-3 weeks
Abdominal pain and cramping
Belching
Weight loss
* Sometimes infections don’t show any symptoms

19. Diagnosis Observing symptoms
Finding motile trophozoites in a fresh fecal smear
Finding cysts in feces by concentration technique

20. Drugs Quinacrine – recommended by CDC, but bad for kids
Metronidazole – most popular worldwide, but mildly carcinogenic.
Furazolidone – more child-friendly drug

21. Epidemiology and Control
Personal health
Treatment of drinking water to remove/kill cysts
Avoid contaminated water
Sanitary procedures to avoid contact w/ cysts
Surveillance and treatment of companion animals in household

22. Epidemiology and Control
Public Health
Sewage treatment
Adequate treating of drinking water
Surveillance and treatment of food handlers

23. The End..
Marquardt, William, Richard Demaree, and Robert Grieve. Parasitology Vector Biology. 2nd ed. San Diego, California: ACADEMIC PRESS, 2000.
Garcia, Lynne. Diagnostic Medical Parasitiology . 4th. Washington D.C.: ASM, 2001.

24. "Giardiasis. " CDC. September 17, 2004 <http://www. cdc
Giardiasis. Iowa State University center of Veteniary medicine. May 1,2005 <