1. Lesson Objectives: Chapter 21: Section 1 - Taking on Segregation
Standard Addressed: Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights.
CH 21-SEC 1
Lesson Objectives: Chapter 21: Section 1 - Taking on Segregation
1. Explain how legalized segregation deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens.
2. Summarize civil rights legal activity and the response to the Plessy and Brown cases.
3. Trace Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, civil rights activities, beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
4. Describe the expansion of the civil rights movement.

2. QUIZ!
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
First & Last Name
CH-21-1

3. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
CARES
Commitment
Attitude
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

4. Civil Rights
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5. Civil Rights

6. Section 1
Taking on Segregation
Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
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7. The Segregation System
Plessy v. Ferguson
Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation
In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional
Continued . . .
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8. Plessy v. Ferguson
Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites

9. Plessy v. Ferguson
Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races

10. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – What were the effects of the Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson?
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not unconstitutional,
Southern states, passed segregationist Jim Crow laws.

11. Guided Reading: 1. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
Outlawed segregation in public facilities

12. “Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere”
MLK

13. http://forhumanliberation. blogspot
From 1848 to 1928, mobs murdered thousands of Mexicans, though surviving records allowed us to clearly document only about 547 cases. These lynchings occurred not only in the southwestern states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas, but also in states far from the border, like Nebraska and Wyoming.

14. From the 1890s onwards, the majority of those lynched were black, including at least 159 women.
Between 1882 and 1968, the Tuskegee Institute recorded 1,297 lynchings of whites and 3,446 lynchings of blacks.
However, lynchings of members of other ethnic groups, such as Mexicans and Chinese, have been shown to have been undercounted in the Tuskegee Institute's records.
One of the largest mass lynchings in American history arose in 1891, when a mob lynched eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana, following their acquittal on charges of killing of the local police chief.

15. Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 2. How did the Court rule in Plessy?
Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constitutional

16. Segregation Continues into the 20th Century
After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism
North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition
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17. SEGREGATION

18. A Developing Civil Rights Movement
Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies
Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home
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19. Congress of Racial Equality – CORE – worked to end segregation and discrimination

20. WW II creates job opportunities for African Americans
FDR ends government, war industries discrimination

21. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
B – How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s?
Blacks had experienced better job opportunities;
Many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans;
Civil rights groups had staged some successful protest.

22. Guided Reading: Guided Reading:
3. In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans
b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom
c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights.

23. Challenging Segregation in Court
The NAACP Legal Strategy
Professor Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP legal campaign
Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education
Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall
- win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
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24. Brown v. Board of Education
Challenging Segregation in Court
Brown v. Board of Education
Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation
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25. The Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office October 2, 1967– October 1, 1991
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26. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
C – How did the Brown decision affect schools outside of Topeka?
Brown said that segregation has no place in public education, so all public school must desegregate.

27. Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 4. Who argued Brown’s case?
Thurgood Marshall; NAACP
5. What did the Brown ruling declare?
That segregation is unconstitutional

29. Segregation: in busses blacks had to ride in the back and had to give up their seat to whites, also could not sit next to whites

30. Boycotting Segregation
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycotting Segregation
1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus
Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott
Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr. leader
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31. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Walking for Justice
African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk
Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites
1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
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32. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
F – Why was Rosa Park’s action on December 1, 1955 significant?
Parks’ refusal to yield her seat to a white man led to a boycott;
It also brought Martin Luther King Jr. to prominence.

33. Guided Reading: Guided Reading:
6. What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks?
The Montgomery Improvement Association
7. What did it do?
Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses

34. Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
Resistance to School Desegregation
Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist
Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed”
Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible
Continued . . .
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35. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
D – Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision?
Some southern whites and state officials resisted segregation , and neither the president nor congress forced them to act quickly.

36. Reaction to the Brown Decision

37. African-American students harassed by whites at school all year
1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting
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38. Crisis in Little Rock
Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups
Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students

39. Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school
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40. On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of the hands of Faubus.

41. Crisis in Little Rock
Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students.

43. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest against integration

44. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest against integration

45. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest for integration

46. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest for integration

47. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest for integration

48. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest for integration

49. Crisis in Little Rock
Protest for integration

50. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
E – What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Rock incident had on the nation?
Television allowed people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of African American students.

51. Guided Reading: Guided Reading:
8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis?
Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control;
ordered in paratroopers

52. Martin Luther King and the SCLC
Changing the World with Soul Force
King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force”
- civil disobedience, massive demonstrations
King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision
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53. Martin Luther King and the SCLC
From the Grassroots Up
King, others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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54. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
G – W hat were the central points of Dr. King’s philosophy?
“Soul force” or nonviolent resistance, which included acts of civil disobedience, demonstrations and adherence to nonviolence.

55. Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 9. Who was the president of SCLC?
Martin Luther King, Jr
10. What was SCLC’s purpose?
To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism

56. Doppelganger or time traveler?

57. Martin Luther King and the SCLC
From the Grassroots Up
By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow
Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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58. SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy
Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins:
- refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

59. The Movement Spreads Demonstrating for Freedom
First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV
In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North
Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
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60. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS H – What was the role of the SCLC?
It organized protest and demonstrations to promote civil rights.

61. Guided Reading: Guided Reading: What did SNCC accomplish, and how?
Desegregated lunch counters;
sit-ins

62. QUIZ!
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
First & Last Name
CH-21-1

63. Guided Reading: What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
Outlawed segregation in public facilities
How did the Court rule in Plessy?
Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constih1tional
In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans
b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom
c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights.
Who argued Brown’s case?
Thurgood Marshall; NAACP
What did the Brown ruling declare?
That segregation is unconstitutional
What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks?
The Montgon1ery Improvement Association
What did it do?
Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses
How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis?
Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control; ordered in paratroopers
Who was the president of SCLC?
Martin Luther King, Jr
What was SCLC’s purpose?
To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism
What did SNCC accomplish, and how?
Desegregated lunch counters; sit-ins